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read the article that is in the images and write the most important data

read the article that is in the images and write the most important data

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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read the article that is in the images and write the most important data
11:51 p. m. Mar 28 mar. 190 web.whatsapp.com PART TWO Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy Further Views In case of injury, for gastric contrast studies, or with concern about fluid or free air, other views can be taken. Dorsoventral The DV view can be used in lieu of the VD view if the animal is compromised in the VD position or if an alternative view is needed for contrast studies. Positioning Place In: Ventral recumbency. Head: Gently pull forward and carefully place a sandbag over the neck and head taking care not to restrict breathing. Forelimbs: Extend slightly forward in a fairly natural posi- tion. Place sandbags over each elbow. Hind Limbs: Keep in a natural position, and place a sandbag over each limb near the stifle. MEASURE, CENTRAL RAY, BORDERS: Same as for the VD view. Comments and Tips • Place any identification or markers adjacent to the correct side of the abdomen. • Ensure that the body is evenly positioned so that the two sides of the rib cage appear equidistant. • Ideally a straight line should be imagined connecting the point of the nose with the caudal midline. • Ensure that the sternum and spine are superimposed; the image receptor and central ray are perpendicular to both. • Expose immediately at the end phase of expiration. During expiration there is a maximum amount of space for the abdominal contents as the lungs contract and the diaphragm relaxes. TECHNICIAN NOTES Collimate; ensure that labels/ markers are included and that borders are visible for every image. Я B FIGURE 18-6 A, Dorsoventral positioning. B, Dorsoventral radiograph of the abdomen of a canine. 46%
Transcribed Image Text:11:51 p. m. Mar 28 mar. 190 web.whatsapp.com PART TWO Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy Further Views In case of injury, for gastric contrast studies, or with concern about fluid or free air, other views can be taken. Dorsoventral The DV view can be used in lieu of the VD view if the animal is compromised in the VD position or if an alternative view is needed for contrast studies. Positioning Place In: Ventral recumbency. Head: Gently pull forward and carefully place a sandbag over the neck and head taking care not to restrict breathing. Forelimbs: Extend slightly forward in a fairly natural posi- tion. Place sandbags over each elbow. Hind Limbs: Keep in a natural position, and place a sandbag over each limb near the stifle. MEASURE, CENTRAL RAY, BORDERS: Same as for the VD view. Comments and Tips • Place any identification or markers adjacent to the correct side of the abdomen. • Ensure that the body is evenly positioned so that the two sides of the rib cage appear equidistant. • Ideally a straight line should be imagined connecting the point of the nose with the caudal midline. • Ensure that the sternum and spine are superimposed; the image receptor and central ray are perpendicular to both. • Expose immediately at the end phase of expiration. During expiration there is a maximum amount of space for the abdominal contents as the lungs contract and the diaphragm relaxes. TECHNICIAN NOTES Collimate; ensure that labels/ markers are included and that borders are visible for every image. Я B FIGURE 18-6 A, Dorsoventral positioning. B, Dorsoventral radiograph of the abdomen of a canine. 46%
11:51 p. m. Mar 28 mar. 252 de 633 web.whatsapp.com Lateral Decubitus (Ventrodorsal View with The lateral decubitus should be considered if fluid or free gas is suspected, such as in evaluation of gas-capped fluid levels that may be found in an abscess or in a bowel loop, or if the animal will be harmed if placed in an alternate position. Small amounts of fluid may not be identified radiographically. Positioning Place In: Right lateral recumbency on a thick foam pad or equivalent (to allow the dependent portion of the abdomen to be in the field of view). Head: Keep in a natural position and hold appropriately with a sandbag over the neck taking care not to restrict breathing. Forelimbs: Pull cranially and sandbag. Place a small foam pad between the front limbs to help eliminate rotation of the cranial abdomen. Hind Limbs: Pull and sandbag caudally to prevent superim- position of the femoral muscles that can mask portions of the bladder and prostate area. Placing a foam pad of suitable thickness between the femurs helps eliminate rotation of the caudal abdomen and pelvis. CHAPTER 18 Small Animal Abdomen @46 % Horizontal Beam) Sternum: Elevate the ventral abdomen with wedged sponges so the sternum is at the same plane as the thoracic vertebrae. 191 Comments and Tips . The position is described according to the side of the patient closer to the table (i.e., right decubitus if the patient is in right lateral recumbency). Place the image receptor vertically behind the patient. The horizontal beam will be directed ventrodorsally, entering the sternum and exiting the vertebrae. Expose immediately at the end phase of expiration; this helps ensure that the diaphragm is positioned cranially and is not compressing the abdominal contents. • Ensure that the sternum and spine are on the same plane; the central ray and image receptor are perpendicular to both. MEASURE, CENTRAL RAY, BORDERS: Proceed as for the ventrodorsal view. If free gas is suspected, wait at least 5 minutes once in position prior to the exposure to allow dorsal collection of the gas. FIGURE 18-7 Positioning of a dog for lateral decubitus-ventrodorsal view with a horizontal beam. The patient is usually placed on a thick foam pad.
Transcribed Image Text:11:51 p. m. Mar 28 mar. 252 de 633 web.whatsapp.com Lateral Decubitus (Ventrodorsal View with The lateral decubitus should be considered if fluid or free gas is suspected, such as in evaluation of gas-capped fluid levels that may be found in an abscess or in a bowel loop, or if the animal will be harmed if placed in an alternate position. Small amounts of fluid may not be identified radiographically. Positioning Place In: Right lateral recumbency on a thick foam pad or equivalent (to allow the dependent portion of the abdomen to be in the field of view). Head: Keep in a natural position and hold appropriately with a sandbag over the neck taking care not to restrict breathing. Forelimbs: Pull cranially and sandbag. Place a small foam pad between the front limbs to help eliminate rotation of the cranial abdomen. Hind Limbs: Pull and sandbag caudally to prevent superim- position of the femoral muscles that can mask portions of the bladder and prostate area. Placing a foam pad of suitable thickness between the femurs helps eliminate rotation of the caudal abdomen and pelvis. CHAPTER 18 Small Animal Abdomen @46 % Horizontal Beam) Sternum: Elevate the ventral abdomen with wedged sponges so the sternum is at the same plane as the thoracic vertebrae. 191 Comments and Tips . The position is described according to the side of the patient closer to the table (i.e., right decubitus if the patient is in right lateral recumbency). Place the image receptor vertically behind the patient. The horizontal beam will be directed ventrodorsally, entering the sternum and exiting the vertebrae. Expose immediately at the end phase of expiration; this helps ensure that the diaphragm is positioned cranially and is not compressing the abdominal contents. • Ensure that the sternum and spine are on the same plane; the central ray and image receptor are perpendicular to both. MEASURE, CENTRAL RAY, BORDERS: Proceed as for the ventrodorsal view. If free gas is suspected, wait at least 5 minutes once in position prior to the exposure to allow dorsal collection of the gas. FIGURE 18-7 Positioning of a dog for lateral decubitus-ventrodorsal view with a horizontal beam. The patient is usually placed on a thick foam pad.
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