Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Transcribed Image Text:RD9
TBD1
0.99
1
RD7
RD8
RD10
0.99
1
1
M. canettii
L4
L2
L3
L1
L7
L5
b
Chimpanzee
bacillus
M. bovis
M. caprae
L6
M. pinninedii
Ancient Peruvian human remains¹
M. microti
M. mungi
M. suricattae
Dassie bacillus
M. orygis
0.005
Gagneux 2018 Nat Rev Microbiol
In this figure you can see a phylogenetic tree of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the
causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) and a few related mycobacteria. (You may or may
not have seen this figure in a previous question in this exam.) In the tree, the M.
tuberculosis lineages that are currently circulating in humans are indicated in color
and are named L1 to L7. The pie charts on the world map indicate for each of these
lineages where they occur. In the phylogenetic tree, names of Mycobacterium (M.)
strains derived from non-human animals and from an ancient Peruvian mummy are
written in full and are not colored.
Look at the two lineages circled in red in the phylogenetic tree. The L4 lineage is the
dominant lineage of tuberculosis in Europe and North and South America, as you can
see on the map. The lineage "Ancient Peruvian Human Remains" was found in 1000-
year old mummified human skeletons in Peru (South America). M. pinnipedii is
currently circulating in seals and sea lions.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
Currently circulating tuberculosis in South America (L4) is more closely related to
a tuberculosis lineage (L2) circulating in East and Southeast Asia than it is to the
lineage in 1000-year old Peruvian human remains.
The tuberculosis lineage currently circulating in South America is not derived
from the tuberculosis that was circulating 1000 years ago in Peru.
The tuberculosis lineage that circulated in Peru a 1000 years ago is more closely
related to tuberculosis specific to seals and sea lions (M. pinnipedii) than to
other human-borne tuberculosis lineages.
The modern human L5 and L6 tuberculosis lineages directly evolved from the
tuberculosis lineage that was found in the 1000-year old Peruvian human
remains.
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