random sample of dogs studied by a veterinarian was found to have the following lifespans, in years: {14, 18, 6, 9, 13}. The veterinarian inquired about each dog’s mother and found the mothers’ lifespans to be: {10, 19, 13, 8, 24}. What is the sample covariance between offsprings lifespans and mothers’ lifespans?   Consider X, a random variable with a standard normal distribution. What is the probability that X is greater than -0.4?

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