1 Chemistry: An Introduction 2 Measurements And Calculations 3 Matter 4 Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, And Ions 5 Nomenclature 6 Chemical Reactions: An Introduction 7 Reactions In Aqueous Solutions 8 Chemical Composition 9 Chemical Quantities 10 Energy 11 Modern Atomic Theory 12 Chemical Bonding 13 Gases 14 Liquids And Solids 15 Solutions 16 Acids And Bases 17 Equilibrium 18 Oxidation–reduction Reactions And Electrochemistry 19 Radioactivity And Nuclear Energy 20 Organic Chemistry 21 Biochemistry Chapter4: Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, And Ions
4.1 The Elements 4.2 Symbols For The Elements 4.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 4.4 Formulas Of Compounds 4.5 The Structure Of The Atom 4.6 Introduction To The Modern Concept Of Atomic Structure 4.7 Isotopes 4.8 Introduction To The Periodic Table 4.9 Natural States Of The Elements 4.10 Ions 4.11 Compounds That Contain Ions Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1ALQ: Knowing the number of protons in the atom of a neutral element enables you to determine which of the... Problem 2ALQ: The average mass of a carbon atom is 12.011. Assuming you could pick up one carbon atom, what is the... Problem 3ALQ Problem 4ALQ Problem 5ALQ: The vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid,C6H5NO2 ) can he isolated from a variety of natural sources, such... Problem 6ALQ: One of the best indications of a useful theory is that it raises more questions for further... Problem 7ALQ Problem 8ALQ: How does Dalton’s atomic theory account for the law of constant composition? Problem 9ALQ Problem 10ALQ: These questions concern the work of J. J. Thomson: From Thomson’s work, which particles do you think... Problem 11ALQ: Heat is applied to an ice cube until only steam is present. Draw a sketch of this process, assuming... Problem 12ALQ: What makes a carbon atom different from a nitrogen atom? How are they alike? Problem 13ALQ: Hundreds of years ago, alchemists tried to turn lead into gold. Is this possible? If not, why not?... Problem 14ALQ: Chlorine has two prominent isotopes,37Cl and35Cl . Which is more abundant? How do you know? Problem 15ALQ Problem 16ALQ Problem 17ALQ: Rutherford was surprised when some of theparticles bounced hack. He was surprised because he was... Problem 18ALQ: It is good practice to actively read the textbook and to try to verify claims that are made when you... Problem 19ALQ: Why is the term “sodium chloride molecule” incorrect but the term “carbon dioxide molecule” is... Problem 20ALQ: Both atomic elements and molecular elements exist. Are there such entities as atomic compounds and... Problem 21ALQ: Now that you have gone through Chapter 4, go back to Section 4.3 and review Dalton’s Atomic Theory.... Problem 22ALQ: Write the formula for each of the following substances, listing the elements in the order given.... Problem 23ALQ Problem 1QAP: What were the four fundamental substances postulated by the Greeks? Problem 2QAP Problem 3QAP Problem 4QAP Problem 5QAP: What are the live most abundant elements (by mass) in the earth’s crust, oceans, and atmosphere? Problem 6QAP: Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment Trace Elements: Small but Crucial, and answer the following... Problem 7QAP Problem 8QAP: The symbols for most elements are based on the first few letters of the respective element’s common... Problem 9QAP: Find the symbol in Column 2 for each name in Column 1. Column 1 Column 2 a. helium 1. Si b. sodium... Problem 10QAP Problem 11QAP: Use the periodic table shown in Fig. 4.9 to find the symbol or name for each of the following... Problem 12QAP Problem 13QAP Problem 14QAP Problem 15QAP: A given compound always contains the same proportion (by mass) of the elements. This principle... Problem 16QAP: Correct each of the following misstatements from Dalton’s atomic theory. Elements are made of tiny... Problem 17QAP Problem 18QAP: A given compound always contains the same relative masses of its constituent elements. How is this... Problem 19QAP: Based on the following word descriptions, write the formula for each of the indicated substances. a... Problem 20QAP: Based on the following word descriptions, write the formula for each of the indicated substances. a... Problem 21QAP: Scientists J. J. Thomson and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) made numerous contributions to our... Problem 22QAP: True or false? Rutherford’s bombardment experiments with metal foil suggested that the particles... Problem 23QAP: Where are neutrons found in an atom? Are neutrons positively charged, negatively charged, or... Problem 24QAP: What are the positively charged particles found in the nuclei of atoms called? Problem 25QAP: Do the proton and the neutron have exactly the same mass? How do the masses of the proton and the... Problem 26QAP: The proton and the (electron/neutron) have almost equal masses. The proton and the... Problem 27QAP: An average atomic nucleus has a diameter of about m. Problem 28QAP: Which particles in an atom are most responsible for the chemical properties of the atom? Where are... Problem 29QAP Problem 30QAP: True or false? The mass number of a nucleus represents the number of protons in the nucleus. Problem 31QAP: For an isolated atom, why do we expect the number of electrons present in the atom to be thesameas... Problem 32QAP: Why do we not necessarily expect the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom to be the same as... Problem 33QAP: Dalton’s original atomic theory proposed that all atoms of a given element areidentical. Did this... Problem 34QAP Problem 35QAP: For each of the following elements, use the periodic table shown in Fig. 4.9 to write the element’s... Problem 36QAP Problem 37QAP: Write the atomic symbol(ZAX) for each of the isotopes described below. the isotope of carbon with 7... Problem 38QAP: Write the atomic symbol(ZAX) for each of the isotopes described below. Z=26,A=54 the isotope of iron... Problem 39QAP: How many protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus of each of the following atoms? Assuming... Problem 40QAP: Read the Chemistry in Focus” segment “Whair”Do You Live? How can isotopes he used to identify the... Problem 41QAP: Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segmentIsotope Tales. Define the termisotope, and explain how isotopes... Problem 42QAP: Complete the following table. Name Symbol Atomic Number Mass Number Number of Neutrons 817O 8 9 iron... Problem 43QAP: True or false? The elements are arranged in the periodic table in order of increasing mass. Problem 44QAP Problem 45QAP: List the characteristic physical properties that distinguish the metallic elements from the... Problem 46QAP: Where are the metallic elements found on the periodic table? Are there more metallic elements or... Problem 47QAP Problem 48QAP: List five nonmetallic elements that exist as gaseous substances under ordinary conditions. Do any... Problem 49QAP: Under ordinary conditions, only a few pure elements occur as liquids. Give an example of a metallic... Problem 50QAP: The elements that lie close to the “stair-step” line as shown below in blue are called . Problem 51QAP Problem 52QAP: Without looking at your textbook or the periodic table, name three elements in each of the following... Problem 53QAP Problem 54QAP Problem 55QAP: Most substances are composed of _________ rather than elemental substances. Problem 56QAP Problem 57QAP Problem 58QAP Problem 59QAP: Molecules of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas are said to be , which means they consist of pairs of... Problem 60QAP: Give three examples of gaseous elements that exist as diatomic molecules. Give three examples of... Problem 61QAP Problem 62QAP: If sodium chloride (table salt) is melted and then subjected to an electric current, elemental gas... Problem 63QAP Problem 64QAP: The two most common elemental forms of carbon are diamond and ________ . Problem 65QAP: An isolated atom has a net charge of ________ . Problem 66QAP Problem 67QAP: A simple ion with a 3+ charge (for example, A13+) results when an atom (gains/loses) electrons. Problem 68QAP: An ion that has two more electrons outside the nucleus than there are protons in the nucleus will... Problem 69QAP Problem 70QAP Problem 71QAP Problem 72QAP: True or false?N3 andP3 contain a different number of protons but the same number of electrons.... Problem 73QAP: How many electrons are present in each of the following ions? a.Ba2+ c.Mn2+ e.Cs+ b.P3 d.Mg2+ f.Pb2+ Problem 74QAP Problem 75QAP: For the following processes that show the formation of ions, use the periodic table to indicate the... Problem 76QAP: For the following ions, indicate whether electrons must begainedorlostfrom the parent neutral atom,... Problem 77QAP: For each of the following atomic numbers, use the periodic (able to write the formula (including the... Problem 78QAP: On the basis of the element’s location in the periodic table, indicate what simple ion each of the... Problem 79QAP: List some properties of a substance that would lead you to believe it consists of ions. How do these... Problem 80QAP Problem 81QAP Problem 82QAP Problem 83QAP: For each of the following positive ions, use the concept that a chemical compound must have a net... Problem 84QAP: For each of the following negative ions, use the concept that a chemical compound must have a net... Problem 85AP Problem 86AP Problem 87AP Problem 88AP Problem 89AP: Which of the following is(are) true regardingand same group number on the periodic table same number... Problem 90AP: Which subatomic particles contribute most to the atom’s mass? Which subatomic particles determine... Problem 91AP: Is it possible for the same Iwo elements to form more than one compound? Is this consistent with... Problem 92AP: Carbohydrates, a class of compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, were... Problem 93AP Problem 94AP: How many protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus of each of the following atoms? For an... Problem 95AP: Though the common isotope of aluminum has a mass number of 27, isotopes of aluminum have been... Problem 96AP Problem 97AP Problem 98AP Problem 99AP Problem 100AP Problem 101AP Problem 102AP: A metal ion with a 2+ charge contains 34 neutrons and 27 electrons. Identify the metal ion and... Problem 103AP Problem 104AP: Write the simplest formula for each of the following substances, listing the elements in the order... Problem 105AP Problem 106AP: Write the atomic symbol(ZAX) for each of the isotopes described below. Z= 6. number of neutrons = 7... Problem 107AP: How many protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus of each of the following atoms? In an... Problem 108AP Problem 109AP Problem 110AP Problem 111CP Problem 112CP Problem 113CP: Complete the following table. Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Symbol 34 45 19 20 53 74 4 5 24... Problem 114CP Problem 115CP: Using the periodic table, complete the following table. Atoms Number of Protons Number of Neutrons... Problem 116CP Problem 117CP: Which of the following is(are) correct? a.40Ca2+ contains 20 protons and 18 electrons. b. Rutherford... Problem 5ALQ: The vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid,C6H5NO2 ) can he isolated from a variety of natural sources, such...
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Radio waves travel at the speed of light , which is 3.00 × 108 m/s. How many minutes does it take for a radio message to reach Earth from Saturn if Saturn is 7.9 × 108 km from Earth?
Definition Definition Rate at which light travels, measured in a vacuum. The speed of light is a universal physical constant used in many areas of physics, most commonly denoted by the letter c . The value of the speed of light c = 299,792,458 m/s, but for most of the calculations, the value of the speed of light is approximated as c = 3 x 10 8 m/s.
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