R2 R2 H20 Z-I

Chemistry
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ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Draw the complete electron pushing mechanism for the following transformation. 

The image depicts a chemical reaction mechanism involving the hydrolysis of a dipeptide. This process is illustrated clearly in a step-by-step manner, as follows:

1. **Reactants**: 
   - The starting molecule is a dipeptide consisting of two amino acids linked by a peptide bond. The structure includes:
     - An amine group with a positive charge (\(H_3N^+\)) attached to the first carbon (\(R_1\)), which is part of an amino acid.
     - A peptide bond (C-N linkage) connects to the second amino acid, denoted by \(R_2\), with a negatively charged carboxylate group (COO\(^-\)) at the end.

2. **Reaction Process**: 
   - The arrow labeled \(H_2O\) indicates that the reaction involves the addition of water, a process known as hydrolysis.

3. **Products**: 
   - The dipeptide is split into two separate amino acids:
     - Each amino acid retains its respective substituents (\(R_1\) and \(R_2\)).
     - Both newly formed molecules have an amine group with a positive charge and a carboxylate group with a negative charge, indicating they are in their zwitterionic forms.

This hydrolysis reaction is a fundamental biochemical process, helping breakdown proteins into their constituent amino acids.
Transcribed Image Text:The image depicts a chemical reaction mechanism involving the hydrolysis of a dipeptide. This process is illustrated clearly in a step-by-step manner, as follows: 1. **Reactants**: - The starting molecule is a dipeptide consisting of two amino acids linked by a peptide bond. The structure includes: - An amine group with a positive charge (\(H_3N^+\)) attached to the first carbon (\(R_1\)), which is part of an amino acid. - A peptide bond (C-N linkage) connects to the second amino acid, denoted by \(R_2\), with a negatively charged carboxylate group (COO\(^-\)) at the end. 2. **Reaction Process**: - The arrow labeled \(H_2O\) indicates that the reaction involves the addition of water, a process known as hydrolysis. 3. **Products**: - The dipeptide is split into two separate amino acids: - Each amino acid retains its respective substituents (\(R_1\) and \(R_2\)). - Both newly formed molecules have an amine group with a positive charge and a carboxylate group with a negative charge, indicating they are in their zwitterionic forms. This hydrolysis reaction is a fundamental biochemical process, helping breakdown proteins into their constituent amino acids.
The image illustrates a chemical reaction involving the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), which is an important step in glycolysis and photosynthesis. 

On the left, the molecule shown is dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). The structure includes:

- A phosphate group represented by "CH₂OPO₃²⁻" at the bottom.
- A carbonyl group (C=O) at the top.
- Two hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to the middle and lower carbons.

The right side depicts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), characterized by:

- A similar phosphate group "CH₂OPO₃²⁻," at the bottom.
- An aldehyde group (O=CH) at the middle carbon.
- Two hydroxyl groups attached to the middle and top carbons.

The arrow between the structures indicates the isomerization conversion of DHAP to G3P, a reversible reaction catalyzed by the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase. This process is essential in the metabolic pathways of energy production and synthesis within the cell.
Transcribed Image Text:The image illustrates a chemical reaction involving the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), which is an important step in glycolysis and photosynthesis. On the left, the molecule shown is dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). The structure includes: - A phosphate group represented by "CH₂OPO₃²⁻" at the bottom. - A carbonyl group (C=O) at the top. - Two hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to the middle and lower carbons. The right side depicts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), characterized by: - A similar phosphate group "CH₂OPO₃²⁻," at the bottom. - An aldehyde group (O=CH) at the middle carbon. - Two hydroxyl groups attached to the middle and top carbons. The arrow between the structures indicates the isomerization conversion of DHAP to G3P, a reversible reaction catalyzed by the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase. This process is essential in the metabolic pathways of energy production and synthesis within the cell.
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