R₂1 to transmit a packet into its link (i.e., the packet transmission delay at the sender)?

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A: Amplitude modulation formula derivation for different cases.

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A: More symbols means more reliable communication system.More symbols means more power consumed by the…

Q: There are 3 sensor nodes. Every 1s, Node A transmits a very small packet to node B. Node C does not…

A:

Q: Television channel are 6MHz wide . a) How many bits/sec can be sent if eight levels signals are…

A: The bandwidth of the channel, BW=6 MHz Level of signals, V=8

Q: Problem-6 In a communication system, packets are transmitted from a sender to a receiver. Each…

A: Given, The probability of success( no error) = p Therefore probability of failure = 1-p

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A: Given:Available fequency, f=50 HzNo. of bits in bible=34 million=34×106 bitsNo of bits in…

Q: Let us consider a binary symmetric channel, as shown in Figure 1, where the probability distribution…

A: The solution of the question is given below:

Q: A typical modem transmit data serially at 4800 bps by encoding 2-bit data into one encoded symbol.…

A: Step 1:Given the following:Bit Rate (Rb) = 4800Number of encoder bits (N) = 2 Step 2:a. To solve for…

Q: The probability that a packet is received in error is 0.6 in Selective Reject ARQ flow control…

A: The buffer window used by Selective Reject is the same size as the sender window.

Q: Problem 4 Consider a communication system that transmits data packets of 16 bits. Each bit can be in…

A:

Q: Q1 A message of length 6500 bits is to be sent on a wide area network (WAN) with 5 hops. Each link…

A: The objective of the question is to calculate the end-to-end delay for transmitting a message of…

Antenna Characteristics

The antenna is an important concept in the domain of electronics and communication engineering. An antenna forms an integral part of many commonly used devices such as wireless modems, routers, game controllers, mobile phones, bluetooth devices, and so on. In simple terms, any wireless communication makes use of antennas to serve the purpose. An antenna, also known by the term 'arial', is an electrical device that converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic waves into electrical signals. An antenna contains a transmission line usually made up of co-axial cable, it then receives the signals and converts them into electromagnetic waves, which are then transmitted via space into their required destination. A communication system essentially makes use of two antennas, a transmission antenna, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves, and a receiving antenna, which receives the electromagnetic waves and converts them back into electrical signals.