r Wash) Suppose the city enforces an environmental standard such that each allowed to emit 75 tons of pollution. What would be the total cost to the two ucing pollution?
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- 41- A colleague at work takes small amounts of IT supplies such as flash drive for her own personal use, saying that this is a tiny loss to the company. You tell her that if everyone were to take office supplies, then the loss would no longer be minimal . Your rationale expresses which of the following ethical issues: O a Property issues O bPrivacy issues Oc Accuracy issues O d Accessibility issues1.Explain specifictly how to overcome and solve the major problem of Mcdonal's company from polluting the water? 2. Explain specifictly how to stop the staff from throwing unethically waste inside the water? 3. Explain what the company will do if the staff still throwing unethically waste in the water?A city currently emits 15 million gallons (MG) of raw sewage into a lake that is beside the city. Table 12.13 shows the total costs (TC) in thousands of dollars of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits (TB) of doing so. Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits. Using the information in Table 12.13 calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this City. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? How can you tell?
- Suppose a city releases 16 million gallons of raw sewage into a nearby lake. Table 12.8 shows the total costs of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits of doing so. (Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits.) Using the information in Table 12.8, calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this city. See Production, Costs and Industry Structure if you need a refresher on how to calculate marginal costs. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? Why not just pass a law that films can emit zero sewage? After all, the total benefits of zero emissions exceed the total costs.(Table: City Sanitation in Winnetka) Use Table: City Sanitation in Winnetka. Suppose that the marginal cost of each street cleaning is $6. How many street cleanings will there be? Table: City Sanitation in Winnetka Number of Street Cleanings 0 1 2 2 03 04 O 5 Edwin's Total Benefit $0 10 18 24 28 30 Geraldine's Total Benefit $0 8 15 21 26 30(Figure: Toxic Waste) From the graph, external cost per ton of toxic waste would be Price ($ per ton) 2222288822 200 180 160 140 120 100 8 80 80 40 20 0 $60. $70. $80. $90. 10 20 30 0 40 50 GO 70 80 90 100 110 120 Quantity (tons of toxic waste)
- 8. The Canadian National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommended against vaccinating the whole population against the smallpox virus because the vaccination has undesirable, and sometimes fatal, side effects. Suppose the accompanying table gives the data that are available about the effects of a smallpox vaccination program. Percent of population vaccinated 0% 10 20 30 40 50 60 Deaths due to smallpox 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 Deaths due to vaccination side effects 0 4 10 18 33 50 74 a. Calculate the marginal benefit (in terms of lives saved) and the marginal cost (in terms of lives lost) of each 10% increment of smallpox vaccination. Calculate the net increase in human lives for each 10% increment in population vaccinated. b. Using marginal analysis, determine the optimal percentage of the population that should be vaccinated.(Table: City Sanitation in Winnetka) Use Table: City Sanitation in Winnetka. Suppose that the marginal cost of each street cleaning is $6. How many street cleanings will there be? Table: City Sanitation in Winnetka Number of Street Cleanings 10 1 2 3 14 QUESTION 29 5 05 03 2 Edwin's Total Benefit Geraldine's Total Benefit $0 10 18 24 28 30 $0 18 15 21 26 301. What are the three possible results (or findings) from the use of control charts?
- QUESTION 22 Figure: Three Firms That Pollute Marginal benefit of Individual polluter $1,000 0004 Fim A 800 700 6004 500 400 300 200 100 0 Firm B C. firm C D. firm A Fm C 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 Quantity of mercury (tons) Reference Ref 164 (Figure: Three Firms that Pollute) Look at the figure Three Firms That Pollute. If each company is allowed to emit only 300 tons of pollution per day, which company will be most adversely affected? A. They are equally affected. B. firm BPRICE (Dollars per ton) 80 72 64 56 48 40 32 24 16 B Demand 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 QUANTITY (Millions of tons) Graph Input Tool Daily Demand for Pollution Rights Price 8 (Dollars per ton) Quantity Demanded (Millions of tons) 225 Suppose the government has determined that the socially optimal quantity of sulfur dioxide emissions is 125 million tons per day. One way governments can charge firms for pollution rights is by imposing a per-unit tax on emissions. A tax (or price in this case) of $ of sulfur dioxide emitted will achieve the desired level of pollution. per ton Now suppose the U.S. government does not know the demand curve for pollution and, therefore, cannot determine the optimal tax to achieve the desired level of pollution. Instead, it auctions off pollution permits. Each permit entitles its owner to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide per day. To achieve the socially optimal quantity of pollution, the government auctions off 125 million pollution permits. Given…4. Understanding different policy options to correct for negativeexternalities Carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to melting of sea ice. The following table lists some potential regulations targeting the amount of airborne carbon dioxide. For each policy listed, identify whether it is a command-and-control policy (regulation), tradable permit system, corrective subsidy, or corrective tax. Tradable Permit System Public Policy The government limits total carbon-dioxide emissions by all factories to 260,000 tons per five years. Each individual factory is given the right to emit 230 tons of carbon dioxide, and factories may buy and sell these rights in a marketplace. Trees take carbon dioxide out of the air and convert it to oxygen, so the government funds a tree-planting initiative by offering $440 to any citizen who plants a tree. The government orders every factory to adopt a new technology, which reduces carbon-dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The government charges…