Energy transfer
The flow of energy from one region to another region is referred to as energy transfer. Since energy is quantitative; it must be transferred to a body or a material to work or to heat the system.
Molar Specific Heat
Heat capacity is the amount of heat energy absorbed or released by a chemical substance per the change in temperature of that substance. The change in heat is also called enthalpy. The SI unit of heat capacity is Joules per Kelvin, which is (J K-1)
Thermal Properties of Matter
Thermal energy is described as one of the form of heat energy which flows from one body of higher temperature to the other with the lower temperature when these two bodies are placed in contact to each other. Heat is described as the form of energy which is transferred between the two systems or in between the systems and their surrounding by the virtue of difference in temperature. Calorimetry is that branch of science which helps in measuring the changes which are taking place in the heat energy of a given body.
Consider the circuit diagram depicted in the figure.
Part (a) If the current through the top branch is I2 = 0.025 A, what is the current through the bottom, I3, in amps?
![The image displays an electrical circuit diagram with two voltage sources and several resistors. Below is a detailed description and transcription suitable for an educational context.
### Voltage Sources:
1. **\[ε_1 = 18 \, \text{V}\]**: Positioned on the left side of the circuit between points \(b\) and \(c\).
2. **\[ε_2 = 45 \, \text{V}\]**: Located on the bottom side of the circuit between points \(h\) and \(g\).
### Resistors:
1. **\[R_1\]**: Located in the middle of the circuit between points \(c\) and \(e\).
2. **\[R_2 = 2.5 \, \Omega\]**: Placed on the left side between points \(a\) and \(b\).
3. **\[R_3 = 1.5 \, \Omega\]**: Positioned on the right side between points \(e\) and \(f\).
### Internal Resistors of Voltage Sources:
1. **Internal resistor of \[ε_1\]: 0.5 \, \Omega\]**: Between points \(c\) and \(d\).
2. **Internal resistor of \[ε_2\]: 0.5 \, \Omega\]**: Between points \(g\) and \(f\).
### Current Flows:
- **\[I_1\]:** Flows to the right from point \(c\) to \(e\).
- **\[I_2\]:** Flows downward from point \(b\) to \(a\).
- **\[I_3\]:** Flows upward from point \(a\) to \(h\).
### Node Points:
- **\(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h\):** Various nodes marking different parts of the circuit.
This circuit represents a complex network with two voltage sources and several resistors, demonstrating how current distributes in different branches. Each branch's current and the impact of internal and external resistances can be analyzed using Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F3cff6d5e-6d7b-4ef6-9838-a544f8e2903b%2F5d415775-8257-4d3c-add0-6cf222915593%2F5v1ww_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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