Quick Quiz 2: The most natural parameterizing dr variable for a circle isan angle (call it p) that measuresthe angle ccW from the x-axis at which a differentialelementislocated. Whatis the length of the differential element ds| subtended by the R do angle døas shown?

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Helmholtz Free Energy

The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential used to calculate the measure of useful work from a closed system. This system is kept at constant temperature and volume. German physicist Hermann Helmholtz introduced this concept in 1882.