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QUESTION 1) Scientists have been studying a population of dragonflies of a remote island in an archipelago of the Pacific for the past 10 years. They are particularly interested in changes in the morphology of the wing of these dragonflies. They discovered that wing shape is controlled by the gene sha, with 2 alleles (S and s). The allele s of this gene makes the wings wider, while the wild type (S/S) individuals have narrow wings. Researchers sequenced the sha gene collected in the island during 3 time periods and obtained the following observed numbers by sha genotype: ISLAND A Year collection S/S S/s s/s 1999 226 0 0 2001 70 7 0 2003 79 127 94 a) Calculate the observed allele and genotype frequencies in 1999. Using Hardy- Weinberg equation, estimate the expected genotype frequencies for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Repeat for 2001 and 2003 data. SHOW YOUR WORKING b) Compare the expected and observed genotype frequencies in each year. Was the population of dragonflies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or was evolution occurring in any year?

QUESTION 1) Scientists have been studying a population of dragonflies of a remote island in an archipelago of the Pacific for the past 10 years. They are particularly interested in changes in the morphology of the wing of these dragonflies. They discovered that wing shape is controlled by the gene sha, with 2 alleles (S and s). The allele s of this gene makes the wings wider, while the wild type (S/S) individuals have narrow wings. Researchers sequenced the sha gene collected in the island during 3 time periods and obtained the following observed numbers by sha genotype: ISLAND A Year collection S/S S/s s/s 1999 226 0 0 2001 70 7 0 2003 79 127 94 a) Calculate the observed allele and genotype frequencies in 1999. Using Hardy- Weinberg equation, estimate the expected genotype frequencies for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Repeat for 2001 and 2003 data. SHOW YOUR WORKING b) Compare the expected and observed genotype frequencies in each year. Was the population of dragonflies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or was evolution occurring in any year?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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QUESTION 1) Scientists have been studying a population of dragonflies of a remote island in an archipelago of the Pacific for the past 10 years. They are particularly interested in changes in the morphology of the wing of these dragonflies. They discovered that wing shape is controlled by the gene sha, with 2 alleles (S and s). The allele s of this gene makes the wings wider, while the wild type (S/S) individuals have narrow wings. Researchers sequenced the sha gene collected in the island during 3 time periods and obtained the following observed numbers by sha genotype: ISLAND A Year collection S/S S/s s/s 1999 226 0 0 2001 70 7 0 2003 79 127 94 a) Calculate the observed allele and genotype frequencies in 1999. Using Hardy- Weinberg equation, estimate the expected genotype frequencies for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Repeat for 2001 and 2003 data. SHOW YOUR WORKING b) Compare the expected and observed genotype frequencies in each year. Was the population of dragonflies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or was evolution occurring in any year?
Transcribed Image Text:QUESTION 1) Scientists have been studying a population of dragonflies of a remote island in an archipelago of the Pacific for the past 10 years. They are particularly interested in changes in the morphology of the wing of these dragonflies. They discovered that wing shape is controlled by the gene sha, with 2 alleles (S and s). The allele s of this gene makes the wings wider, while the wild type (S/S) individuals have narrow wings. Researchers sequenced the sha gene collected in the island during 3 time periods and obtained the following observed numbers by sha genotype: ISLAND A Year collection S/S S/s s/s 1999 226 0 0 2001 70 7 0 2003 79 127 94 a) Calculate the observed allele and genotype frequencies in 1999. Using Hardy- Weinberg equation, estimate the expected genotype frequencies for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Repeat for 2001 and 2003 data. SHOW YOUR WORKING b) Compare the expected and observed genotype frequencies in each year. Was the population of dragonflies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or was evolution occurring in any year?
QUESTION 2) Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited genetic disorder that causes loss of brain cells. The earliest symptoms often include subtle mood changes or problems mental ability. As the disease progresses, later stage symptoms include jerky, uncoordinated movements, hallucinations, dementia and eventually death. HD is unusual in that disease severity may increase (i.e. earlier age of onset of symptoms) in each successive generation of a pedigree. The following pedigree shows the inheritance of HD across four generations of an affected family. Numbers to the left of the pedigree indicate the generation number, while letters indicate specific individuals within each generation. Subscript numbers indicate the age of onset of neuromuscular symptoms in each affected individual. The four individuals marrying in from outside the family (2A, 2D, 3B, 3F) have no family history of HD and can be assumed to be genetically normal. B 1 (65) A B 2 A (55) (55) (65) E 3 (55) A B E 4 0 (45) (45) 1. a) What is the mode of inheritance of HD? Give your reasoning. 2. b) What is the technical term for the increase in severity over successive generations exhibited by this disease? 3. c) What is the risk to future children of individual 4B and why? QUESTION 3) Outline the factors that influence the prevalence of genetic disease in the population: your essay should discuss why Huntington's chorea is more common than most other dominant lethal disorders, and why the severity tends to increase over generations.
Transcribed Image Text:QUESTION 2) Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited genetic disorder that causes loss of brain cells. The earliest symptoms often include subtle mood changes or problems mental ability. As the disease progresses, later stage symptoms include jerky, uncoordinated movements, hallucinations, dementia and eventually death. HD is unusual in that disease severity may increase (i.e. earlier age of onset of symptoms) in each successive generation of a pedigree. The following pedigree shows the inheritance of HD across four generations of an affected family. Numbers to the left of the pedigree indicate the generation number, while letters indicate specific individuals within each generation. Subscript numbers indicate the age of onset of neuromuscular symptoms in each affected individual. The four individuals marrying in from outside the family (2A, 2D, 3B, 3F) have no family history of HD and can be assumed to be genetically normal. B 1 (65) A B 2 A (55) (55) (65) E 3 (55) A B E 4 0 (45) (45) 1. a) What is the mode of inheritance of HD? Give your reasoning. 2. b) What is the technical term for the increase in severity over successive generations exhibited by this disease? 3. c) What is the risk to future children of individual 4B and why? QUESTION 3) Outline the factors that influence the prevalence of genetic disease in the population: your essay should discuss why Huntington's chorea is more common than most other dominant lethal disorders, and why the severity tends to increase over generations.
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