QB.43. A square tied column with a side dimension of 470 mm is reinforced with 12- 25 mm dia. bars distributed equally on all faces. The column is subjected to factored end moments of 654 and 699 kN-m without causing a sidesway. It carries an ultimate axial load of 1391 kN comprised of an unfactored dead load of 562kN. The column has an unsupported height of 4.6 m. Use f'c = 21.3 MPa and concrete cover of 70. Assume k = 1. Answer the following: (1) What is the relative stiffness (or El) of the column

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Design criteria for structural loading

The different loads such as loads due to self-weight (dead load) and external loads such as live load, wind loads, seismic load, snow load, and other loads and load combinations that influence the design of a building are called structural loading. The nature of the applied load differs from changes in the location, design, and type of materials used. The design criteria require that structures must be designed and constructed to be able to withstand all load types that are expected to act upon the structure and render its usage for the designated purpose. The structural members such as beams, slabs, columns, and foundations help the structure to withstand the applied load. There are different institutes such as ASCE and ACI that provide building design codes to assure minimum safety requirements and quality of the structures.