Q4// Fill in the blanks for the following statements: 1- The change of piezometric head per unit distance in a given direction is the ....... 2- Any well with............... or less open or screened hole in the saturated thickness would be considered as partially penetrating. 3- A well field designed for water supply should be spaced as far apart as possible so their areas of influence will produce a..............of interference with each other. 4- The drawdown increment is............ whether partial penetration starts from the top or from the bottom of the aquifer. 5. The lowest part of the unsaturated zone is ............which results from the attraction between water and rocks.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.