Q4 (a) Using op-amps, design the following circuits. Include circuit diagrams, the appropriate theory and details of how you calculated the values for all the components included. (i) An inverting amplifier with a voltage gain of 60dB and an input impedance of 5kQ. (ii) A differential amplifier, which amplifies the voltage difference between two signals, V1 and V2, by a factor of -25. (iii) A current to voltage converter, for a circuit containing a photodiode, capable of converting 40 µA into 1 volt.

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Thermistors

A thermistor is a special type of resistor whose resistance is more temperature-dependent than standard resistors.  The resistance of the thermistor decreases with increasing temperature. This is the basic principle of thermistors. This allows the thermistor circuit to detect very small temperature changes that cannot be observed with the Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) or the thermocouples. Since the resistance of a thermistor is temperature dependent, it can be connected to an electrical circuit to measure body temperature. This high sensitivity to temperature changes makes thermistors very useful for accurately controlling and calibrating temperature measurements. In general, resistance increases with increasing temperature in most metals, but thermistors react negatively.