Q2: From the following excerpt of field notes, plot the cross section on graph paper and superimpose on it a design template for a 40-ft-wide level roadbed with cut slopes of 3:1 and a subgrade elevation o 1239.50 ft. Determine the area by coordinate method. HI = 1254.80 ft %3D 46 + 00 Lt 8.0 7.9 5.5 4.9 6.6 7.5 60 27 10 24 60

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.