Q2: A sample of clean sand was retrieved from 7m below the surface, vertical load of 150 kN/m, a horizontal load of 250 kN/m, and a shear stress of 86.6 kN/m. If the angle 0 between the vertical stress and the principle stress is 60°, what is the angle of internal friction o of this sample. (20%) 4=150 kN/m2 T=86.6 kN/m 250 kN/m2

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.