Q2) A reservoir is to be formed in a river valley by building a dam across it. The entire area that will be covered by the reservoir has been contoured and contours drawn at 5-m intervals. The lowest point in the reservoir is at a reduced level of 118.0 m above datum, whilst the top water level will not be above a reduced level of 148 m. The area enclosed by each contour and the upstream face of the dam is shown in the table below. Contour (m) Area enclosed (m²) | Contour (m) Area enclosed (m2) 120 4 600 145 13700 125 7100 150 15100 120 0800

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.