Q2: A double mass curve was plotted for a station. The curve shows a change in slope at year 1990 where the slope before was 0.68, after that year the difference in two successive cumulative of average precipitation of 10 surrounding stations was 4950 and the corresponding difference in cumulative annual precipitation was 4300, If the rainfall data for this station were as in the table below then adjust (correct) the rainfall data of this station: Year 1989 Original rainfall (mm) 550 475 1990 1991 1992 410 350

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.