Q1): A field book is reproduced below in which some readings marked as (x), are missing. The true elevation of BM 74 is 221m. 1- Complete all missing data and 2- perform all arithmetic checks. 3- Compute the misclosure Error. Station B.S. I.S. F.S. Rise Fall R.L. Remarks 3.150 BM 75 1.770 0.700 С.Р. 3 2.200 1.850 С.Р. 5 2.440 0.010 6. 1.100 С.Р. 7 1.185 2.010 222.200 C.P. 8 -2.735 Staff held inverted 1.685 4.420 С.Р. 10 1.525 0.805 BM 74 Σ 12.055 2. 4)

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.