Q.2 Reciprocal leveling was conducted across a wide river to determine the difference in level of points A and B. A situated on one bank of the river and B situated on the other .The following results on the staff held vertically at A and B from level station I and 2, respectively were obtain . The level station I was near to A and station 2 was near to B. Instrument at Staff reading on A 1.475 1.161 Staff reading on B 1.715 1.4 (1) If the reduce level of B is 71.18 m above the datum, what is the reduced level of A? (2) Assuming that the atmospheric conditions remain unchanged during the two sets of the observation, calculate (i) the combined curvature and refraction correction if the distance AB is 315 m, (ii) the collimation error?

Q: DIFFERENTIAL LeuEL IN PROBLEM # 4.72 8.19 2,16 :6.3) 3,04 6.72 3,15 BM Eleu TP #2 TP #3 TP FLeu lo00

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Q: 12. Complete the benchmark-leveling field notes shown in Figure B by computing and recording the HI…

A: Objective: To completer the given leveling notes and perform the arithmetic checks.   Given: Sta.…

Q: 1.find interval normal

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Q: 6 m B 4 m E D 6 m 6 m

A: Given: P1 = 36 kN P2 = 46 kN A = 300 mm2 E = 300 GPa

Q: When carrying out the permanent adjustments of a dumpy level by two-peg method, the following…

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Errors in surveying

An error in surveying is defined as the difference between two or more values of an identical quantity. However, the estimates are never accurate and there will always be a degree of variability regardless of the research tool or method used. These differences are known as errors that need to be reduced or eliminated to maintain certain levels of accuracy. Even if you carefully follow the prescribed test procedures, the considerations may contain errors.