Q.1(a) What is water sweetening and softening? Discuss the lime-soda process of water softening with special reference to the different functions of lime and soda. (b) A water sample contains the following impurities per litre. Ca(HCO3)2–81 mg Mg(HCO3)2–73 mg CaSO4–68 mg MgSO4–60 mg KCl–100 mg Calculate (i) temporary and permanent hardness in water. Quantity of lime and soda required in kg for softening 50,000 litres of water if the purity of lime and soda are 80% and 90% respectively. (c) What are renewable sources of energy? Discuss their superiority over conventional sources of energy. How solar energy can be trapped thermally?

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Landfills

The landfill is a site used for the disposal of waste materials. The landfill is a solid waste facility that is often known as a dumping ground. The image below shows a landfill site in Hawaii. Landfilling is the most ancient and common method used for the disposal of waste. For the landfill, a deep trench is constructed in an isolated place away from the city. The trench for landfills is designed properly after analyzing the total population and the waste generation per capita. The waste is dumped into the trench and after every layer of waste, a layer of soil is spread on the top of it.