Published in 2020, the Dapagliflozin in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) randomized 4,304 patients with CKD (defined by eGFR of 25 to 75 and albuminuria with ACR of 200 to 5000 mg/g) with and without T2DM to dapagliflozin or placebo. The study was halted early after an interim safety analysis found evidence of benefit as dapagliflozin was found to reduce the composite endpoint of decline of ≥50% in eGFR, new ESRD, renal mortality, or CVD mortality (9.2% vs. 14.5%; HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.51-0.72; NNT=19). Importantly, this benefit was similar regardless of T2DM status. The medication was also associated with reduction in other endpoints, including all-cause mortality (4.7% vs. 6.8%; 0.69; 0.53-0.88; NNT=48). There was a slightly higher risk of major hypoglycemia (0.7% vs. 1.3%; P=0.04; NNH=166) with dapagliflozin use.

The paper “Effect of long-term blood pressure control on salt sensitivity” [Journal of Medicine (1997) 28:147–156] describes a study evaluating salt sensitivity (SENS) after a period of antihypertensive treatment. Ten hypertensive patients (diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 115 mmHg) were studied after at least 18 months on antihypertensive treatment. SENS readings, which were obtained before and after the patients were placed on an antihypertensive treatment, are given in data 3. Is there significant evidence that the mean SENS value decreased after the patient received antihypertensive treatment? data 3 'Before'        'After'22.86             6.117.74              -4.0215.49              8.049.97                3.291.44               -0.779.39                 6.9911.4               10.191.86                 2.09-6.71               11.46.42                10.7

The paper “Effect of long-term blood pressure control on salt sensitivity” [Journal of Medicine (1997) 28:147–156] describes a study evaluating salt sensitivity (SENS) after a period of antihypertensive treatment. Ten hypertensive patients (diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 115 mmHg) were studied after at least 18 months on antihypertensive treatment. SENS readings, which were obtained before and after the patients were placed on an antihypertensive treatment, are given in the table.  'Before' 'After' 22.86 6.11 7.74 -4.02 15.49 8.04 9.97 3.29 1.44 -0.77 9.39 6.99 11.4 10.19 1.86 2.09 -6.71 11.4 6.42 10.7 a) Write the null and alternate hypotheses What test will be used to test the hypothesis and what assumptions are required? test them. Is there significant evidence that the mean SENS value decreased after the patient received antihypertensive treatment?

A randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a new drug treatment on 500 patients with high blood pressure. The study randomly divided the patients into the drug treatment and placebo control groups and compared the average blood pressure after 2 months of treatment between the two groups. When the researchers looked at the results, they realized there was a potential problem. Although the new drug appeared to significantly lower the blood pressure compared to the control group, they also noticed that the average blood pressure of patients in the placebo control group prior to the study was significantly lower than patients in the treatment group prior to the study. If this is true, what impact could it have on the conclusions the researchers could draw? Group of answer choices It could bias the study results, making the new drug treatment look more effective than it really is. It could bias the study results, making the new drug treatment look less…

Bisphenol A in Your Soup CansBisphenol A (BPA) is in the lining of most canned goods, and recent studies have shown a positive association between BPA exposure and behavior and health problems. How much does canned soup consumption increase urinary BPA concentration? That was the question addressed in a recent study1 in which consumption of canned soup over five days was associated with a more than 1000% increase in urinary BPA. In the study, 75 participants ate either canned soup or fresh soup for lunch for five days. On the fifth day, urinary BPA levels were measured. After a two-day break, the participants switched groups and repeated the process. The difference in BPA levels between the two treatments was measured for each participant. The study reports that a 95% confidence interval for the difference in means (canned minus fresh) is 19.6 to 25.5 μg/L.   (a) Is this a randomized comparative experiment or a matched pairs experiment?     Randomized comparative experiment…

A randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a new drug treatment on 500 patients with high blood pressure. The study randomly divided the patients into the drug treatment and placebo control groups and compared the average blood pressure after 2 months of treatment between the two groups. When the researchers looked at the results, they realized there was a potential problem. Although the new drug appeared to significantly lower the blood pressure compared to the control group, they also noticed that the average blood pressure of patients in the placebo control group prior to the study was significantly lower than patients in the treatment group prior to the study. If this is true, what impact could it have on the conclusions the researchers could draw? a. It wouldn't have an impact on the study result, because the study is already flawed as the patients are not representative of the whole population.   b. It could bias the study results, making the…

A certain drug can be used to reduce the acid produced by the body and heal damage to the esophagus due to acid reflux. The manufacturer of the drug claims that more than 92% of patients taking the drug are healed within 8 weeks. In clinical trials, 210 of 226 patients suffering from acid reflux disease were healed after 8 weeks. Test the manufacturers claim at the a=0.05 level of significance

The paper “Effect of Long-Term Blood Pressure Control on Salt Sensitivity” [Journal of Medicine (1997) 28:147–156] describes a study evaluating salt sensitivity (SENS) after a period of antihypertensive treatment. Ten hypertensive patients (diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 115 mmHg)were studied after at least 18 months on antihypertensive treatment. SENS readings, which wereobtained before and after the patients were placed on an antihypertensive treatment, are given here. Is there significant evidence that the mean SENS value decreased after the patient received antihypertensive treatment?

Your research group wants to explore the possibility that a particular kind of Tibetan meditation (shamata meditation) increases the capacity of iconic memory. You go to a center where experienced Tibetan Buddhist meditators regularly practice. You randomly select 10 of these people to participate in your experiment. Your dependent variable is the number of digits recalled from iconic memory. You test them before and after a 5 weeks' intensive meditation course. You predict that their iconic memory will be enhanced (better recall) as a result of the attentional training that the meditation gives. Here is the data you collect: Before: 6;6;6;7;5;7;5;5;6;6 After: 8;7;7;8;7;8;6;7;6;8 1. What is the null hypothesis? What is the alternative hypothesis? (use symbols and not words)

A randomized prospective study is conducted to estimate the association between taking a drug and remission for patients with a specific type of cancer. The estimated incidence rate ratio of remission for the treatment group relative to the placebo is 1.35. What is the proper interpretation of this value? An individual (from the same cancer population) who does not take the drug is 35% less likely to go into remission as compared to an individual who has taken the drug. O In a random sample of 1,000 persons from the same cancer population, there would be 350 more remissions if these 1,000 persons took the drug as compared to if they did not take the drug. O An individual (from the same cancer population) who takes the drug is 35% more likely to go into remission as compared to an individual who has not taken the drug. O In a random sample of 1,000 persons from the same cancer population, there would be 650 less remissions if these 1,000 persons took the drug as compared to if they did…