Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
Description:
- **Molecular Formula:** Not provided.
- **Structural Details:** A linear hydrocarbon chain with multiple substituents:
- A bromine (Br) atom is attached to the second carbon.
- A second bromine (Br) atom is attached to the fifth carbon.
- A methyl (CH₃) group is attached to the sixth carbon.
- A third bromine (Br) atom is attached to the seventh carbon.
- The chain includes a chiral center at the fourth carbon with one of the substituents being a hydrogen atom (not explicitly shown in the line structure but implied by the chiral nature).
#### Structure b.
Description:
- **Molecular Formula:** Not provided.
- **Structural Details:**
- A cyclohexane ring as the central structure with multiple substituents:
- A bromine (Br) atom is attached to the first carbon outside the ring.
- A second bromine (Br) atom is attached to the fourth carbon inside the ring.
- A hydrogen (H) atom is attached to the second carbon inside the ring, indicating a chiral center.
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**Instructions:** Analyze each structure carefully, identify the longest continuous carbon chain, assign locants for the substituents according to priority rules of IUPAC nomenclature, and name the structure accordingly.
For additional assistance with IUPAC nomenclature rules, refer to the [IUPAC Gold Book](https://goldbook.iupac.org/).
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