Prove quadratic residues (mod x) of all prime x contain y & y+2 where y∈Z.

Advanced Engineering Mathematics
10th Edition
ISBN:9780470458365
Author:Erwin Kreyszig
Publisher:Erwin Kreyszig
Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes
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Prove quadratic residues (mod x) of all prime x contain y & y+2 where y∈Z.
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Step 1

To prove that quadratic residues (mod x) of all prime x contain y and y+2 where y

Let us consider that x be an odd prime number.

Then, x can be written as 

x=2p+1 , p

It is known that there are k+1 perfect squares and k non squares modulo x

Suppose, P denotes the set of all perfect squares modulo x. Then, P has exactly k+1 elements. 

Let us consider a map φ: defined by 

φy=y+2mod x              (i)

Now, for y1,y2, let 

φy1=φy2                      (ii)

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