prove d(x, y) ≤ d (x, r) + d(r, y) where d(x, y) = (x-y)4

Advanced Engineering Mathematics
10th Edition
ISBN:9780470458365
Author:Erwin Kreyszig
Publisher:Erwin Kreyszig
Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ
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**Mathematical Problem Statement:**

Prove the inequality:

\[ d(x, y) \leq d(x, r) + d(r, y) \]

where \( d(x, y) = (x - y)^4 \).

**Explanation:**

The given expression is considering a metric space condition. The function \( d(x, y) = (x - y)^4 \) is defined as the distance between two points \( x \) and \( y \).

The goal is to verify if this function satisfies the triangle inequality, which is a fundamental property of metric spaces. In a typical metric space, for any points \( x \), \( y \), and \( r \), the triangle inequality must hold:

\[ d(x, y) \leq d(x, r) + d(r, y) \]

For this specific function, we are required to check this condition for the expression \( (x - y)^4 \).

**Approach:**

1. **Substitute:** Substitute \( d(x, y) = (x-y)^4 \), \( d(x, r) = (x-r)^4 \), and \( d(r, y) = (r-y)^4 \) into the inequality.
   
2. **Simplify and Analyze:** Compare \( (x-y)^4 \) with \( (x-r)^4 + (r-y)^4 \) to determine if the inequality holds for all real numbers \( x \), \( y \), and \( r \).

3. **Discussion:** Discuss whether \( (x-y)^4 \) inherently satisfies the properties required for a metric, particularly focusing on non-negativity, symmetry, and the triangle inequality. Insights or conclusions will reveal whether this expression is a valid metric.

This process will help determine if the given function is a valid metric by testing it against the axioms of metric spaces.
Transcribed Image Text:**Mathematical Problem Statement:** Prove the inequality: \[ d(x, y) \leq d(x, r) + d(r, y) \] where \( d(x, y) = (x - y)^4 \). **Explanation:** The given expression is considering a metric space condition. The function \( d(x, y) = (x - y)^4 \) is defined as the distance between two points \( x \) and \( y \). The goal is to verify if this function satisfies the triangle inequality, which is a fundamental property of metric spaces. In a typical metric space, for any points \( x \), \( y \), and \( r \), the triangle inequality must hold: \[ d(x, y) \leq d(x, r) + d(r, y) \] For this specific function, we are required to check this condition for the expression \( (x - y)^4 \). **Approach:** 1. **Substitute:** Substitute \( d(x, y) = (x-y)^4 \), \( d(x, r) = (x-r)^4 \), and \( d(r, y) = (r-y)^4 \) into the inequality. 2. **Simplify and Analyze:** Compare \( (x-y)^4 \) with \( (x-r)^4 + (r-y)^4 \) to determine if the inequality holds for all real numbers \( x \), \( y \), and \( r \). 3. **Discussion:** Discuss whether \( (x-y)^4 \) inherently satisfies the properties required for a metric, particularly focusing on non-negativity, symmetry, and the triangle inequality. Insights or conclusions will reveal whether this expression is a valid metric. This process will help determine if the given function is a valid metric by testing it against the axioms of metric spaces.
Expert Solution
Step 1

The given problem is to prove the given inequality of the distance function.

To prove: d(x,y) < d(x,r)+ d(r,y) where d(x,y) = (x-y)4.

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