Probability and Stochastic Process Identify for the following 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 whether the process is discrete time or continuous time, discrete or continuous value
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.

![Example 13.5
Suppose that at time instants T= 0,1, 2,...,
we roll a die and record the outcome NT where
1 < NT <6. We then define the random
process X(t) such that for T <t <T+1,
X(t)
consists of an infinite sequence of rolls and
a sample function is just the waveform corre-
sponding to the particular sequence of rolls.
This mapping is depicted on the right.
x(t, s.)
1,2,6,3,...
NT. In this case, the experiment
x(t, s.)
3,1,5,4..
Example 13.6
In a quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) communications system, one of four equally
probable symbols so.....83 is transmitted in T seconds. If symbol s; is sent, a waveform
r(t, s,) = cos(27 fot + /4 +ir/2) is transmitted during the interval (0. T]. In this
example, the experiment is to transmit one symbol over (0, T seconds and each sample
function has duration T
every T seconds and an experiment is to transmit j symbols over (0. jT] seconds. In
this case, an outcome corresponds to a sequence of j symbols, and a sample function
has duration jT seconds.
In a real communications system, a symbol is transmitted
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