pressure of 744 torr at 27°C. The piston suddenly com- presses the gas to 48.6 atm, and the temperature rises to 547°C. What is the final volume of the gas? 42. A sample of krypton gas occupies a volume of 6.68 L at 64°C and 361 torr. If the volume of the gas sample is increased to 8.99 L while its temperature is increased to 114°C, what will be the resulting gas pressure (in torr)? 43. A collapsible balloon for carrying meteorological testing instruments aloft is partly filled with 626 liters of helium, measured at 25°C and 756 torr. Assuming the volume of the balloon is free to expand or contract according to changes in pressure and temperature, what will be its volume at an altitude where the temperature is -58°C and the pressure is 0.641 atm? 44. A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 7.68 L at 59°C and 0.634 atm. If it is desired to increase the volume of the gas sample to 9.92 L while decreasing its pressure to 0.436 atm, what will be the temperature of the gas sample at the new volume and pressure? Answer in degrees Celsius. 45. Why have the arbitrary conditions of STP been established? Are they realistic? 46. What is the meaning of STP? 47. If 1 cubic foot-28.3L-of air at common room condi- tions of 23°C and 0.985 bar is adjusted to STP, what does the volume become? 48. A sample of helium gas has a volume of 7.06 L at 45°C and 2.12 bar. What would be the volume of this gas sample at STP? 49. An experiment is designed to yield 44.5 mL oxygen, mea- sured at STP. If the actual temperature is 28°C and the actual pressure is 0.894 bar, what volume of oxygen will result?

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States of Matter

The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates). 

Chemical Reactions and Equations

When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.