Post Lab Questions: 1. Determine the formal charge on each of the atoms in SO2 (make sure to label the oxygen atoms when determining formal charge).
Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
 alt="Post Lab Questions:
1. Determine the formal charge on each of the atoms in SO2 (make sure to label the
oxygen atoms when determining formal charge).
2. Determine the number of pi and sigma bonds in the following molecules:
a.
H
H.
H.
H
b.
3. Why is a molecule defined as polar? Draw the structure of a polar molecule to use in
your explanation.
4. Explain how a molecule can break the octet rule by having an expanded octet. (hint:
where do the extra electrons go?)
5. What type of elements in the periodic table cannot break the octet rule by having an
expanded octet? Why?
6.
What is a resonance structure?
7. Where do pi electrons reside?
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Molecular Models
Theory:
Understanding the 3-D shape of a molecule is essential in understanding the mechanism of
how molecules interact in a chemical reaction. Molecular model kits are used to create
tangible molecules to aid the students' understanding of Lewis dot structures, molecular
geometries, polarity, and hybridization.
Two Electron Pairs: Electron Pair Geometry - Linear
Molecules of the type AX2, where A represents the central atom and X represents the
terminal atoms, have linear electron pair and molecular geometries. Some examples of linear
molecules are shown below, CO2 and BeF2. Linear molecules have sp hybridization and are
nonpolar if the two terminal atoms are the same and polar if the two terminal atoms are
different. The bonds in the terminal atoms are separated by 180°.
O=C=O
F—Ве—F
Three Electron Pairs: Electron Pair Geometry – Trigonal Planar
Molecules of the type AX3 have trigonal planar electron pair geometries, BF3 shown below.
Trigonal planar molecules have sp2 hybridization and are nonpolar if the three terminal atoms
are the same and polar as long as one terminal atom is a different element: example, BF2CI
shown below. The terminal atoms are separated by 120º.
`F
CI
One Lone Pair
Molecules of the type AX2E (E represents one lone pair) have trigonal planar electron pair
geometries because the one lone pair is occupying a sp2 hybridized orbital just like a bonding
pair of electrons. The molecular geometry is bent because the bonded atoms look like an
angle. The molecule is polar no matter what the terminal atoms are. SO2 is shown in Figure 1
and also exhibits resonance, which is when electrons are delocalized over three or more atoms
in a molecule.
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