points. How do the functional groups of each compound effect their boiling points? Boiling Point 141°C Compound Propanoic acid 1-propanol 1-propanamine Propanal Propane 97°C 51°C 48°C -42°C
Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
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**6. Boiling Points of Organic Compounds**
The boiling points of various organic compounds are given below. Explain the reasons for the different boiling points. How do the functional groups of each compound affect their boiling points?
| Compound | Boiling Point |
|------------------|---------------|
| Propanoic acid | 141°C |
| 1-propanol | 97°C |
| 1-propanamine | 51°C |
| Propanal | 48°C |
| Propane | -42°C |
**7. Artificial Sweetener Hydrolysis**
The compound shown is a common artificial sweetener. Circle and identify the functional groups in the molecule. Which functional groups can undergo hydrolysis? Draw structures to show the complete hydrolysis (either acidic or basic) of the compound. (Hint: Hydrolysis may occur in more than one location.)
![Artificial Sweetener Structure]
*Structure provided with various functional groups for analysis*
**8. Chemical Reactions and Salt Forms**
a) Valproic acid is an anti-seizure medication often administered in a sodium salt form. Draw out the reaction showing how the sodium salt of valproic acid is formed. Why is the salt form used?
Chemical structure of Valproic Acid:
```
O
||
CH₃—CH—CH₂—CH—CH₂—CH₂—CH—COOH
```
b) Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a decongestant and appetite suppressant medication that is no longer available in the US and Canada because of its association with increased stroke risk. It is administered in a hydrochloride salt form. Draw out the reaction showing how the hydrochloride salt of phenylpropanolamine is formed. Why is the salt form used?
Chemical structure of Phenylpropanolamine:
```
H
\
C — NH₂
/
H—C —OH
|
(Benzene Ring)
```
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**Explanation of Graphs or Diagrams:**
- The table lists different organic compounds alongside their boiling points in degrees Celsius. The compounds range from carboxylic acids to alcohols, amines, aldehydes, and alkanes. The boiling points demonstrate the effect of functional groups and molecular interactions on physical properties like boiling points.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fa0775f4f-4f78-48a8-b68d-a762f326d59e%2Fa8b0bd0e-917b-4aff-9e83-c423365a6684%2Fgevcal_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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