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Please refer to the given picture for you to answer this question: According to the concept of operant conditioning, what are the techniques to increase the probability of a response, and what are the techniques to be used to decrease or extinguish the probability of a response? Give an example.

Please refer to the given picture for you to answer this question: According to the concept of operant conditioning, what are the techniques to increase the probability of a response, and what are the techniques to be used to decrease or extinguish the probability of a response? Give an example.

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN:9780134477961
Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Publisher:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Chapter1: The Science Of Psychology
Section: Chapter Questions
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Please refer to the given picture for you to answer this question: According to the concept of operant conditioning, what are the techniques to increase the probability of a response, and what are the techniques to be used to decrease or extinguish the probability of a response? Give an example.
12:59 N O 4G 4 O 50% WEEK2CU2.Learnin...toHealthCare.pdf - Read-only Operant Conditioning, which was developed largely by B. F. Skinner (1974, 1989). Operant conditioning focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response. A reinforcer is a stimulus or event applied after a response that strengthens the probability that the response will be performed again. When specific responses are reinforced on the proper schedule, behaviors can be either increased or decreased. Punishment is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that cause a decrease in the behavior. Operant Conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior Two methods to increase the probability of a response are to apply positive or negative reinforcement after a response occurs • Giving positive reinforcement (i.e., reward) greatly enhances the likelihood that a response will be repeated in similar circumstances. As an illustration, although a patient moans and groans as he attempts to get up and walk for the first time after an operation, praise and encouragement (reward) for his efforts at walking (response) will improve the chances that he will continue struggling toward independence. • Negative reinforcement after a response is made. This form of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus through either escape conditioning or avoidance conditioning. Positive punishment is a punishment by application, involve s the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response Negative Punishment is punishment by removal, occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. • Escape conditioning, as an unpleasant stimulus is being applied, the individual responds in some way that causes the uncomfortable stimulation to cease. Suppose, for example, that when a member of the healthcare team is being chastised in front of the group for being late and missing meetings, she says something humorous. The head of the team stops criticizing her and laughs. Because the use of humor has allowed the team member to escape an unpleasant situation, chances are that she will employ humor again to alleviate a stressful encounter and thereby deflect attention from her problem behavior. • Avoidance conditioning, the unpleasant stimulus is anticipated rather than being applied directly. Avoidance conditioning has been used to explain some people's tendency to become ill so as to avoid doing something they do not want to do. For example, a child fearing a teacher or test may tell his mother that he has a stomachache. If allowed to stay home from school, the child increasingly may complain of sickness to avoid unpleasant situations. Thus, when fearful events are anticipated, sickness, in this case, is the behavior that has been increased through negative reinforcement Behaviorist Theory in relation to learning Advantages This theory is simple and easy to use. It encourages clear objective analysis of observable environment stimulus conditions, learners' responses and the effect of reinforcement on people's action Disadvantages • This is teacher centered model in which learners assume are assumed to be relatively passive and easily manipulated ...
Transcribed Image Text:12:59 N O 4G 4 O 50% WEEK2CU2.Learnin...toHealthCare.pdf - Read-only Operant Conditioning, which was developed largely by B. F. Skinner (1974, 1989). Operant conditioning focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response. A reinforcer is a stimulus or event applied after a response that strengthens the probability that the response will be performed again. When specific responses are reinforced on the proper schedule, behaviors can be either increased or decreased. Punishment is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that cause a decrease in the behavior. Operant Conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior Two methods to increase the probability of a response are to apply positive or negative reinforcement after a response occurs • Giving positive reinforcement (i.e., reward) greatly enhances the likelihood that a response will be repeated in similar circumstances. As an illustration, although a patient moans and groans as he attempts to get up and walk for the first time after an operation, praise and encouragement (reward) for his efforts at walking (response) will improve the chances that he will continue struggling toward independence. • Negative reinforcement after a response is made. This form of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus through either escape conditioning or avoidance conditioning. Positive punishment is a punishment by application, involve s the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response Negative Punishment is punishment by removal, occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. • Escape conditioning, as an unpleasant stimulus is being applied, the individual responds in some way that causes the uncomfortable stimulation to cease. Suppose, for example, that when a member of the healthcare team is being chastised in front of the group for being late and missing meetings, she says something humorous. The head of the team stops criticizing her and laughs. Because the use of humor has allowed the team member to escape an unpleasant situation, chances are that she will employ humor again to alleviate a stressful encounter and thereby deflect attention from her problem behavior. • Avoidance conditioning, the unpleasant stimulus is anticipated rather than being applied directly. Avoidance conditioning has been used to explain some people's tendency to become ill so as to avoid doing something they do not want to do. For example, a child fearing a teacher or test may tell his mother that he has a stomachache. If allowed to stay home from school, the child increasingly may complain of sickness to avoid unpleasant situations. Thus, when fearful events are anticipated, sickness, in this case, is the behavior that has been increased through negative reinforcement Behaviorist Theory in relation to learning Advantages This theory is simple and easy to use. It encourages clear objective analysis of observable environment stimulus conditions, learners' responses and the effect of reinforcement on people's action Disadvantages • This is teacher centered model in which learners assume are assumed to be relatively passive and easily manipulated ...
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