please explain these bullets more In memory-mapped I/O devices and main memory share the same address space. ⚬Each I/O device has its own reserved block of memory. ⚬Memory-mapped I/O therefore looks just like a memory access from the point of view of the CPU. ⚬Thus, the same instructions to move data to and from both I/O and memory, greatly simplifying system design. In small systems the low-level details of the data transfers are offloaded to the I/O controllers built into the I/O devices.

please explain these bullets more In memory-mapped I/O devices and main memory share the same address space. ⚬Each I/O device has its own reserved block of memory. ⚬Memory-mapped I/O therefore looks just like a memory access from the point of view of the CPU. ⚬Thus, the same instructions to move data to and from both I/O and memory, greatly simplifying system design. In small systems the low-level details of the data transfers are offloaded to the I/O controllers built into the I/O devices.

Systems Architecture

7th Edition

ISBN:9781305080195

Author:Stephen D. Burd

Publisher:Stephen D. Burd

Chapter4: Processor Technology And Architecture

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2PE: If a microprocessor has a cycle time of 0.5 nanoseconds, what’s the processor clock rate? If the...

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If a microprocessor has a cycle time of 0.5 nanoseconds, what’s the processor clock rate? If the fetch cycle is 40% of the processor cycle time, what memory access speed is required to implement load operations with zero wait states and load operations with two wait states?
Processor R is a 64-bit RISC processor with a 2 GHz clock rate. The average instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor C is a CISC processor with a 1.8 GHz clock rate. The average simple instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. The average complex instruction requires two cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor R can’t directly implement the complex processing instructions of Processor C. Executing an equivalent set of simple instructions requires an average of three cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Program S contains nothing but simple instructions. Program C executes 70% simple instructions and 30% complex instructions. Which processor will execute program S more quickly? Which processor will execute program C more quickly? At what percentage of complex instructions will the performance of the two processors be equal?
Explain memory-mapped I/O and its significance in computer architecture.
A computer employs RAM chips of 512 x 16 and ROM chips of 1024 x 8. The computer system needs 4K bytes of RAM and 2K bytes of ROM along with interface unit of 128 registers each. A memory mapped I/O configuration is used. The two higher order bits are assigned for RAM, ROM and interface as 00, 01 and 10 respectively.
The data transfer can be handled by various modes. some of the modes use CPU as an intermediate path, others transfer the data directly to and from the memory unit and this can be handled by 3 following ways: Programmed I/O, Interrupt-Initiated I/O and Direct Memory Access (DMA) Identify/define the data transfer processes involved in each method.
Explain the concept of memory interleaving and its impact on memory access speed in multi-channel memory configurations.
Direct Memory Access is used for high-speed I/O devices to reduce the CPU's burden.What is the link between the CPU and device for coordinating data transmission?How does the CPU determine whether memory operations have been completed?
The data transfer between CPU and the I/O devices may be done in different techniques. Briefly explain to distinguish between interrupt initiated 1/O technique and Direct Memory Access (DMA) technique.
The single-cycle datapath conceptually described in class must have separate instructions and data memories, because the formats of data and instructions are different, and hence different memories are needed having separate memories is less expensive the processor operates in one cycle and can not use a (single ported) memory for two different accesses within that cycle None of the above
Direct Memory Access is used for high-speed I/O devices to reduce pressure on CPU’s execution load. In what way does the CPU interact with the device to coordinate data transfer In what way does the CPU confirm if the memory operations are complete
Explain the concept of "memory interleaving" and its impact on memory access speed and bandwidth in multi-channel memory architectures.
Computer Science We have a computer with a Direct Mapped Memory Cache. The main memory is 16GB and the cache is 64KB. The size of a block is 512B. Explain what a Direct Mapped Memory Cache is and how it works in this particular example.