Please describe the biochemical processes involving hemoglobin and carbonic acid buffer system when blood pH drops.
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- Media used for the demonstration of blood reactions should be low in fermentable carbohydrates. EXPLAINIn individuals with hereditary alkalosis, common symptoms include the accumulation of HCO3 (bicarbonate) and an increase in the pH value of the blood plasma. This condition is associated with mutations in the genes that control anion exchange proteins, specifically the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger Band 3. Explain how the anion exchange proteins work in the capillaries of normal people's body tissue and discuss how this process might be disrupted in alkalosis patients and lead to these symptoms.Explain why the hemoglobin concentration could appear deceptively high in a patient who is dehydrated, when in fact the patient does not have a hemoglobin or RBC excess
- A 56-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of persistent fatigue for the past three months. The physician decides to order multiple blood tests including an erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. Which of the following best describes the clinical conclusion that should be reached if this patient's erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 22 mm/h and his C-reactive protein is 3.5 mg/dL? (A) Indicates the definitive presence of a rheumatoid disorder (B) Indicates the likely presence of infection or inflammation (C) Indicates the presence of a severe bacterial infection (D) Indicates the presence of cancer involving the bone marrow (E) Indicates the presence of rouleaux and the blood's ability to coagulateConcerning the reaction that is catalysed by carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells, briefly describe how the products of this reaction contribute to the buffering capacity of body fluids .Describe the process through which hippuric acid is formed in the body. Please explain the relevance.
- Elevated blood plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase (hyperphosphatasaemia) are an indication of a number of pathologies. Briefly comment on the use of alkaline phosphatase assays as a diagnostic aid for a single common medical condition. (word limit 120 words including citations and references.given the pCO2 and pH of systemic arterial blood, be able to identify the type of acid-base imbalance (respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis). After identifying the type of acid-base imbalance, be able to determine what type of compensation will occur to restore pHSelect the hemoglobin variant(s) that are described by each statement. (a) The variant least likely to cause pathological symptoms. (b) The variant(s) likely to show pl values different from that of HbA on an isoelectric focusing gel. (c) The variant most likely to show a decrease in BPG binding and an increase in the overall affinity of the hemoglobin for oxygen. Answer Bank Hb Milwaukee Hb Cowtown Hb Memphis Hb Philly Hb Providence Hb Bibba HbS
- Red Cell Index Iron Deficiency Anemia (microcytic hypochromic) Macrocytic Anemia (normochromic) Anemia of Chronic Disease (normocytic normochromic) MCV Low High Normal MCHC Low Normal Normal MCH Low High Normal Compare the hematocrits, haemoglobin contents, red blood cell counts, MCV, MCHC and MCH of sample X and Y with standard values. Give comments on the two samples base on the red cell indices (Which subject may be more suspected to suffer from anemia?) Normal Range of MCV: 80-98 femtoliters, fL Normal range of MCHC: 320-360 g/L Normal range of MCH: 27-32 picograms, pg Samples X Y MCV (femtoliters, fl) = 84.73 fL = 69.53 fL MCHC (g/L) = 258.87 g/L =370.52 g/L MCH (pictograms, pg) = 21.93 pg = 25.76 pgusing the table below, explain based on the bloodwork result, which clinical condition the patient would most likely have: metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, or respiratory alkalosis. Explain why or why not, and provide a detailed rationale.The immediate administration of nitrite is a highly effective treatment for cyanide poisoning. What is the basis for the action of this antidote? (Hint: Nitrite oxidizes ferrohemoglobin to ferrihemoglobin.)
