Evolution
The history and science of origin and evolution comprise two events, the beginning of life and expansion of life. Our earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago. The term evolution is derived from two Latin words and means the act of unfolding or unrolling. English philosopher Herbert Spencer first used it. Evolution is defined as the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. These traits are the manifestations of genes that are passed down from parent to offspring during reproduction.
Cladistics
Cladistics is a technique in the classification of organisms, where they are grouped into different clades. The proof for the relationships that are hypothesized is based on the shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies. These characteristics do not exist in many of the distant ancestors and groups. The common ancestor along with its descendants is considered to be a part of the clade. The rate of closeness is directly proportional to the cladistic grouping and is useful in analyzing the evolutionary mechanism.
Outgroups
Outgroups are significant in studying cladistics or phylogenetics (that describe the evolutionary relationship between different organisms). Further, it is also important to understand the differences and similarities between different organisms.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that works with the identification of organisms at first, then naming, and classification of them into phenetic or phylogenetic groups (a classification system). In other words, it is the scientific study of biological diversity and a part of systematic biology.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetics is the scientific study of how various groups of organisms are related at the evolutionary level. It finds the relationship between various organisms based on their evolutionary similarities and differences. It is a part of the taxonomy. Although the taxonomic study is not only concerned about phylogeny but taxonomic studies are also concerned about the classification and nomenclature of the different individuals from different taxon.
Please add draw out the Eukaryotic cell (animal) and include a detailed key that indicates where each part is. I would be nice to add color!
It is not needed, but adding references will help more!
|
Organelle |
Model Key |
Function |
Disease |
Reference |
Visualized with what type of microscope? |
|
Plasma Membrane |
|
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell |
Hypertension |
|
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) |
|
Nucleus |
|
Stores generic material and controls cell activities |
Leukemia |
|
Fluorescence Microscope |
|
Mitochondria |
|
Produces energy through |
Mitochondrial Diseases |
|
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Involved in protein synthesis and lipid |
Congenital Disorders |
|
Immunofluorescence Microscope |
|
Golgi Apparatus |
|
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport |
Alzheimer’s Disease |
|
Confocal Microscope |
|
Lysosomes |
|
Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion and waste removal |
Lysosomal Storage Diseases |
|
Acid Phosphatase Staining |
|
Peroxisomes |
|
Breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances |
Zellweger Syndrome |
|
Immunofluorescence Microscope |
|
Endosomes |
|
Sorting and recycling of internalized molecules |
Hermansky- Pudlak Syndrome |
|
Fluorescence Microscope |
|
Cytoskeleton |
|
Provides structural support and cell motility |
Muscular Dystrophy |
|
Immunofluorescence Microscope |
|
Microtubules |
|
Formed by tubulin, provide structural support and act as tracks for intracellular transport |
Parkinson’s Disease |
|
Immunofluorescence |
|
Microfilaments |
|
Formed by actin, Involved in cell movement and maintenance of cell shapes |
Cell Motility Disorder |
|
Fluorescence Microscope |
|
Cell Surface specialization |
|
Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption and secretion |
Celiac Disease |
|
Light Microscope |
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps with 2 images
