penzene is treated with a penzene. = bonded directly to a ber ffect is electron donation wly than benzene in all su group deactivateso the withdrawing when reso
penzene is treated with a penzene. = bonded directly to a ber ffect is electron donation wly than benzene in all su group deactivateso the withdrawing when reso
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Transcribed Image Text:Select the keyword or phrase that will best complete each sentence.
Key terms:
Toluene reacts faster than benzene in all substitution reactions. Thus, its electron-
donating CH, group activates the benzene ring to electrophilic attack.
acid
activates
A resonance effect is electron rich when resonance structures place a negative
charge on carbons of the benzene ring.
base
deactivates
Inductive effects stem from the polarizability of the atoms in the substituent and
the electronegativity of the substituent groups.
donating
In a Friedel-Crafts alkylation, benzene is treated with an alkyl halide and a Lewis
acid (AICI,) to form an alkyl benzene.
donation
electronegativity
When a neutral O or N atom is bonded directly to a benzene ring, the donating
effect dominates and the net effect is electron donationo.
inductive
polarizability
Nitrobenzene reacts more slowly than benzene in all substitution reactions. Thus,
its electron-withdrawing NO, group deactivates the benzene ring.
poor
resonance
A resonance effect is electron withdrawing when resonance structures place a
positive charge on carbons of the benzene ring.
rich
withdrawal
When a halogen is bonded to a benzene ring, the inductive effect dominates and
the net effect is electron withdrawing
withdrawing
An alkyl group is an electron-donatingo group and an alkyl benzene is more
electron richo than benzene.
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