Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Question
Use the shapes below to answer Question number 2. Please be accurate and complete it CORRECTLY. Don’t use previous answers.
Transcribed Image Text:A
Pentagon = Outgroup
Triangles = Ingroup--all triangles are more closely
related to eachother than any are to the pentagon
![2. Now we will re-run the exercise using principles of homology and shared ancestry to get the best
hypothesis we can of your organism's true ancestor-descendant relationships!
a) Identify potential Synapomorphies aka "Shared Derived Characters":
Characters are another name for "characteristics". Only, here you are hypothesizing that the
characters you choose are homologous (similar due to shared ancestry) between two or more taxa
and are therefore synapomorphies. To pick informative characters, look for things that are shared
between two or more members of the ingroup. Give a detailed description of each of the
characters you are going to use. This is important, as often two characters are very similar (see
example on the next page). Remember, they should be binary (i.e., one of two states-black or
white, two eyes or four eyes). They should not be subjective (i.e., long vs. short). You can always
identify the ancestral state of your character by asking if the outgroup shows the character of
interest.
b) The Outgroup and why it's important:
We need to know which characters are ancestral or plesiomorphic (meaning they don't evolve
within your group of critters) and which are derived or apomorphic (meaning they do evolve
within the ingroup ["syn" means shared so synapomorphies are shared derived characters...exactly
what we want for making trees]). To do this we choose a taxon that we consider distantly related to
the taxa whose phylogeny we want to know and let it be our standard. This standard taxon is called
the outgroup. We assume that the characteristics of the outgroup are all ancestral or
plesiomorphic. In this way, we can determine how particular traits evolved through time. Your
instructor will give you the outgroup.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F4267cb47-e3e7-46ce-9b39-a6b3f54ebf02%2Fd9f5766d-8f64-41b3-bfa2-bff4aa66e5c0%2F9u8wzd_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:2. Now we will re-run the exercise using principles of homology and shared ancestry to get the best
hypothesis we can of your organism's true ancestor-descendant relationships!
a) Identify potential Synapomorphies aka "Shared Derived Characters":
Characters are another name for "characteristics". Only, here you are hypothesizing that the
characters you choose are homologous (similar due to shared ancestry) between two or more taxa
and are therefore synapomorphies. To pick informative characters, look for things that are shared
between two or more members of the ingroup. Give a detailed description of each of the
characters you are going to use. This is important, as often two characters are very similar (see
example on the next page). Remember, they should be binary (i.e., one of two states-black or
white, two eyes or four eyes). They should not be subjective (i.e., long vs. short). You can always
identify the ancestral state of your character by asking if the outgroup shows the character of
interest.
b) The Outgroup and why it's important:
We need to know which characters are ancestral or plesiomorphic (meaning they don't evolve
within your group of critters) and which are derived or apomorphic (meaning they do evolve
within the ingroup ["syn" means shared so synapomorphies are shared derived characters...exactly
what we want for making trees]). To do this we choose a taxon that we consider distantly related to
the taxa whose phylogeny we want to know and let it be our standard. This standard taxon is called
the outgroup. We assume that the characteristics of the outgroup are all ancestral or
plesiomorphic. In this way, we can determine how particular traits evolved through time. Your
instructor will give you the outgroup.
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