P3. After a particularly cold night, Alice leaves a tub of water outside. You may consider the ground and air to have temperatures of T. = -10°C and T = 10°C respectively. How thick is the layer of ice that forms at the bottom of the tub of water, after the tub has been left outside for a long time? The tub of water initially has a layer of water of thickness họ = 10 cm. You may assume that the ground and air remain at a constant temperature throughout, and that the side lengths of the tub a, b > ho, i.e. the heat conduction is one- dimensional. Density of ice and water are Pice = 920 kg/m³ and Pw = 1000 kg/m³. Ice and water have thermal conductivities of kjce = 2.22 W K-'m-1 and kw = 0.556 W K-1 m-1.
Energy transfer
The flow of energy from one region to another region is referred to as energy transfer. Since energy is quantitative; it must be transferred to a body or a material to work or to heat the system.
Molar Specific Heat
Heat capacity is the amount of heat energy absorbed or released by a chemical substance per the change in temperature of that substance. The change in heat is also called enthalpy. The SI unit of heat capacity is Joules per Kelvin, which is (J K-1)
Thermal Properties of Matter
Thermal energy is described as one of the form of heat energy which flows from one body of higher temperature to the other with the lower temperature when these two bodies are placed in contact to each other. Heat is described as the form of energy which is transferred between the two systems or in between the systems and their surrounding by the virtue of difference in temperature. Calorimetry is that branch of science which helps in measuring the changes which are taking place in the heat energy of a given body.
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