P.4.8 Oil of viscosity 10 mN s/m2 and density 950 kg/m' is pumped 8 km from an oil refinery to a distribution depot through a 75 mm diameter pipeline and is then dispatched to customers at a rate of 500 ton/day. Allowance must be made for periods of maintenance, which may interrupt the supply from the refinery for up to 72 hours. If the maximum permissible pressure drop over the pipeline is 3450 kN/m2, what is the shortest time in which the storage tanks can be completely recharged after a 72 hour shutdown? The roughness of the pipe surface is 0.05 mm. Ans. 27.6 days

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.