Overlapping I/O with computation. The driver inputs a sequence of data items, each of which must be processed before the next item is copied. (The status check has been omitted in the pseudo code for clarity): repeat    write parameters for input operation    write opcode    repeat       read busy until FALSE    copy data item from input buffer    process data item The device does not have to be idle during the processing phase. Modify the code such that the processing is overlapped with the I/O device operation.

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Types of database architectures

A Database Architecture represents the Database Management System’s (DBMS) design (schema). The DBMS architecture makes it easy to understand the components involved in the database system and their relations. The DBMS architecture may vary based on the system on which it runs. Some systems contain both client and server machines whereas some run only on a server machine. Based on the architecture, the system can be classified as centralized, decentralized, or hierarchical.