## IP ForwardingThe image displays a configuration process for IP forwarding on a Linux system. The command `echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward=1" >> /usr/lib/sysctl.d/50-default.conf` is used to enable IP forwarding, which allows the system to forward packets from one network interface to another.Following this, the commands attempt to reload the configuration using `sysctl`:- The first attempt with `/sbin/sysctl -p` returns an error indicating that the file or directory does not exist.- Correct usage of the command is shown with `/sbin/sysctl -p`, suggesting the path issue is resolved.## Connectivity TestThe image shows two connectivity tests performed using the `ping` command from a host labeled `node2`, trying to reach two IP addresses, presumably `node3` and another node.### Ping to 192.168.2.2- The command used is `ping 192.168.2.2`.- The result indicates that every packet transmitted receives a "Destination Host Unreachable" message.- 9 packets are transmitted with 0 received, resulting in 100% packet loss, recorded over a time of 8088ms.### Ping to 192.168.2.1- The command used is `ping 192.168.2.1`.- Similar to the first test, every packet results in a "Destination Host Unreachable" message.- 6 packets are transmitted with 0 received, resulting in 100% packet loss, recorded over a time of 5002ms.## Analysis**Why does this happen? Can we solve this problem?**The "Destination Host Unreachable" message suggests a routing or network configuration issue. Possible reasons could be:- IP forwarding is not properly enabled on intermediate routers.- Network configurations such as routing tables or firewall settings are incorrect or not allowing traffic through.- The target hosts are down or unreachable due to network topology errors.**Solutions:**- Ensure IP forwarding is enabled and correctly configured on all relevant network devices.- Verify and update routing tables and firewall settings to allow traffic to pass through.- Check the network connection and availability of the target hosts.- Use diagnostic commands like `traceroute` to determine where the packets are being dropped.

Please check your PC for it does have a host firewall that only accepts connection from local…

Answered: ost JE /sbin/sycti /syct1: No such file

Engineering

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ost JE /sbin/sycti /syct1: No such file

Database System Concepts

7th Edition

ISBN:9780078022159

Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Publisher:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

Chapter1: Introduction

Section: Chapter Questions

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Question

## IP Forwarding

The image displays a configuration process for IP forwarding on a Linux system. The command `echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward=1" >> /usr/lib/sysctl.d/50-default.conf` is used to enable IP forwarding, which allows the system to forward packets from one network interface to another.

Following this, the commands attempt to reload the configuration using `sysctl`:
- The first attempt with `/sbin/sysctl -p` returns an error indicating that the file or directory does not exist.
- Correct usage of the command is shown with `/sbin/sysctl -p`, suggesting the path issue is resolved.

## Connectivity Test

The image shows two connectivity tests performed using the `ping` command from a host labeled `node2`, trying to reach two IP addresses, presumably `node3` and another node.

### Ping to 192.168.2.2

- The command used is `ping 192.168.2.2`.
- The result indicates that every packet transmitted receives a "Destination Host Unreachable" message.
- 9 packets are transmitted with 0 received, resulting in 100% packet loss, recorded over a time of 8088ms.

### Ping to 192.168.2.1

- The command used is `ping 192.168.2.1`.
- Similar to the first test, every packet results in a "Destination Host Unreachable" message.
- 6 packets are transmitted with 0 received, resulting in 100% packet loss, recorded over a time of 5002ms.

## Analysis

**Why does this happen? Can we solve this problem?**

The "Destination Host Unreachable" message suggests a routing or network configuration issue. Possible reasons could be:
- IP forwarding is not properly enabled on intermediate routers.
- Network configurations such as routing tables or firewall settings are incorrect or not allowing traffic through.
- The target hosts are down or unreachable due to network topology errors.

**Solutions:**
- Ensure IP forwarding is enabled and correctly configured on all relevant network devices.
- Verify and update routing tables and firewall settings to allow traffic to pass through.
- Check the network connection and availability of the target hosts.
- Use diagnostic commands like `traceroute` to determine where the packets are being dropped.

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