Operations and Stages in Locating a Railroad a. Reconnaissance Survey b. Preliminary Survey c. Location Survey d. Construction Survey How to layout simple curves by: a. Deflection angles b. Offsets from tangents c. Ordinates from long chord d. through obstructions I. II.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.