onsider the hydropower schematic shown below with a lake of 70m elevation above a turbine house.     Water is running through a 0.3m diameter cast-iron pipeline at 3,000 gallons per minute.   Determine the head loss due to frictional effects (i.e., viscous dissipation)

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Metrology of surface finish

In general terms, the application of scientific principles in the study of measurements is known as metrology. When speaking about measurement, it could be of time, length, microstructures, grain structures, internal crystal discontinuities, surface roughness, measurements of angles, height, width, and so on. While coming to the domain of mechanical engineering, metrology is considered the science of measurements of surface finish, length, surface texture, and angles.