One kilogram of water contained in a piston–cylinder assembly, initially saturated vapor at 100 kPa, is condensed at constant pressure to saturated liquid. Consider an enlarged system consisting of the water and enough of the nearby surroundings that heat transfer occurs only at the ambient temperature of 25oC. Assume the state of the nearby surroundings does not change during the process, and ignore kinetic and potential energy effects.  For the enlarged system, determine the heat transfer, in kJ, and the entropy production, in kJ/K.     Determine the heat transfer, in kJ. Q12 =                    kJ

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Work and Heat Transfer

It is generally related to thermal engineering which tells about the use, creation, conversion and transfer of heat energy between the systems. It is also considered that to transfer heat from one source to another, transfer of masses is also required. There are various mechanisms by which, transfer of heat takes place i.e. thermal conduction, convection, radiation or by change of phase. All these mechanisms have their own specific features which sometimes occur simultaneously within the same system.