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One application for electronics that has gained a lot of attention over the past several years is in so-called "bio-molecule" detection. The idea is to build a system that detects the presence of specific molecules and/or cells (c.g. specific viruses, proteins, etc.) in a biological sample; if this detection can be performed automatically and using relatively low-cost components, it can have a dramatic impact on a number of areas such as medical diagnosis, drug development, DNA sequencing, etc. In this problem, we'll look at how some of the techniques we learned about in the touchscreen module can be applied to realize a hypothetical bio-molecule detector. (Real bio-molecule detection systems involve quite a bit more complexity than what we'll include here, but in many designs the same basic principles apply.) As shown in Figure 3, the detector works by flowing a liquid that may or may not contain the biomolecules through a region in the device that has electrodes on the top and bottom of the liquid channel. The electrodes (EI/E2 in Figure 3) are chemically "functionalized" (using e.g. some appropriately designed antibodies), so that if the specific bio-molecule of interest is present in the fluid sample, one or more of the molecules will get physically trapped between the two electrodes (bottom right of Figure 3). After all of the fluid has been cleared out of the device (i.e., so that if there are no bio-molecules present, there is only air in between the

One application for electronics that has gained a lot of attention over the past several years is in so-called "bio-molecule" detection. The idea is to build a system that detects the presence of specific molecules and/or cells (c.g. specific viruses, proteins, etc.) in a biological sample; if this detection can be performed automatically and using relatively low-cost components, it can have a dramatic impact on a number of areas such as medical diagnosis, drug development, DNA sequencing, etc. In this problem, we'll look at how some of the techniques we learned about in the touchscreen module can be applied to realize a hypothetical bio-molecule detector. (Real bio-molecule detection systems involve quite a bit more complexity than what we'll include here, but in many designs the same basic principles apply.) As shown in Figure 3, the detector works by flowing a liquid that may or may not contain the biomolecules through a region in the device that has electrodes on the top and bottom of the liquid channel. The electrodes (EI/E2 in Figure 3) are chemically "functionalized" (using e.g. some appropriately designed antibodies), so that if the specific bio-molecule of interest is present in the fluid sample, one or more of the molecules will get physically trapped between the two electrodes (bottom right of Figure 3). After all of the fluid has been cleared out of the device (i.e., so that if there are no bio-molecules present, there is only air in between the

Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition)
Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition)
13th Edition
ISBN:9780133923605
Author:Robert L. Boylestad
Publisher:Robert L. Boylestad
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### Bio-Molecule Detection in Electronics One notable application in electronics that has gained significant interest involves "bio-molecule" detection. The core idea is to design a system capable of detecting specific molecules or cells (e.g., viruses, proteins) within biological samples. This capability, if automated and cost-effective, can impact areas such as medical diagnostics, drug development, and DNA sequencing. #### Concept Overview The aim is to explore techniques to create a bio-molecule detector. While real-world systems are more complex, we focus on the foundational principles. #### Operation of the Bio-Molecule Detector The detector functions by passing a liquid through a device equipped with electrodes on its top and bottom. These electrodes (E1/E2) are "functionalized" using antibodies to trap bio-molecules present in the fluid. If a specific bio-molecule is in the fluid, it becomes physically trapped between the electrodes (Figure 3, bottom right). Once the fluid is cleared, if bio-molecules are absent, only air separates the electrodes. #### Figure 3: Bio-Molecule Detector - **Top View**: Liquid flows from the inlet, passes through detection electrodes, and exits through the outlet. - **Side View (No Molecules)**: Electrodes E1 and E2 are shown with no trapped molecules. - **Side View (Molecules Present)**: Shows molecules trapped between electrodes. - **Zoomed-in Molecule**: Depicts a bio-molecule as a cylindrical object with defined dimensions: diameter \(d\), height \(h\). #### Problem Approach To identify trapped bio-molecules, measure resistance between electrodes: 1. **Single Bio-Molecule Detection (a)**: - Calculate resistance \(R\) between E1 and E2 (with an individual molecule trapped). - Bio-molecule as a cylinder: \(d = 10 \text{ nm}\), \(h = 100 \text{ nm}\), resistivity \(\rho = 100 \Omega \text{m}\). 2. **Multiple Molecules (b)**: - Assess how resistance changes with different \(N_{\text{molecules}}\). 3. **Circuit Design (c)**: - Design a circuit to output voltage > 2.5 V with more than 5 trapped molecules. These exercises serve to understand how bio-molecule detection might affect electrical properties and inform circuit design adaptations.
Transcribed Image Text:### Bio-Molecule Detection in Electronics One notable application in electronics that has gained significant interest involves "bio-molecule" detection. The core idea is to design a system capable of detecting specific molecules or cells (e.g., viruses, proteins) within biological samples. This capability, if automated and cost-effective, can impact areas such as medical diagnostics, drug development, and DNA sequencing. #### Concept Overview The aim is to explore techniques to create a bio-molecule detector. While real-world systems are more complex, we focus on the foundational principles. #### Operation of the Bio-Molecule Detector The detector functions by passing a liquid through a device equipped with electrodes on its top and bottom. These electrodes (E1/E2) are "functionalized" using antibodies to trap bio-molecules present in the fluid. If a specific bio-molecule is in the fluid, it becomes physically trapped between the electrodes (Figure 3, bottom right). Once the fluid is cleared, if bio-molecules are absent, only air separates the electrodes. #### Figure 3: Bio-Molecule Detector - **Top View**: Liquid flows from the inlet, passes through detection electrodes, and exits through the outlet. - **Side View (No Molecules)**: Electrodes E1 and E2 are shown with no trapped molecules. - **Side View (Molecules Present)**: Shows molecules trapped between electrodes. - **Zoomed-in Molecule**: Depicts a bio-molecule as a cylindrical object with defined dimensions: diameter \(d\), height \(h\). #### Problem Approach To identify trapped bio-molecules, measure resistance between electrodes: 1. **Single Bio-Molecule Detection (a)**: - Calculate resistance \(R\) between E1 and E2 (with an individual molecule trapped). - Bio-molecule as a cylinder: \(d = 10 \text{ nm}\), \(h = 100 \text{ nm}\), resistivity \(\rho = 100 \Omega \text{m}\). 2. **Multiple Molecules (b)**: - Assess how resistance changes with different \(N_{\text{molecules}}\). 3. **Circuit Design (c)**: - Design a circuit to output voltage > 2.5 V with more than 5 trapped molecules. These exercises serve to understand how bio-molecule detection might affect electrical properties and inform circuit design adaptations.
Expert Solution
Introduction

As seen in the diagram, there is resistance between E1 and E2 and is given by the equivalent resistance of the biomolecules trapped between E1 and E2.

(a) If only one biomolecule is between E1 and E2, the resistance between the electrodes will become the same as that of the biomolecule along the length. The formula for resistivity is,

ρ=R×lA

where R is the resistance of one biomolecule along with the length l, which has a cross-section area as A.

R=ρ×Al=100μ×π(5n)2100n=78.54×10-15 Ω

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