Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
refer to pic
Of the molecules below, only __________ is nonpolar.
![H
1.008
3
Li
6.94
4
11 12
Na Mg
22.990 24.305
19
Be
9.012
K
5
6
7
10
BCN
OF Ne
10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
13 14 15 16 17 18
Al Si P S Cl Ar
35.45 39.948
26.982 28.085 30.974 32.06
31 32 33 34
27 28 29 30
35 36
Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
He
4.003
8 9
20
21
22 23 24 25 26
Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.630 74.922 78.971 79.904 83.798
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.95 [97] 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
Rh Pd Ag
Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F403a9653-ab9e-4a31-8eff-ca4d9bd32eb8%2F8345082b-cbec-4257-b881-af63f74c1534%2Fxy9owm4_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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