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- of the inertial systems in Fi easure no net electromagnet

- of the inertial systems in Fi easure no net electromagnet

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Please help me with this. Thank you!! Please answer number 2 only.

Questions 1. What would the relative velocity of the inertial systems in Figure 1-4 need to be in order for the S' observer to measure no net electromagnetic force on the charge q? 2. Discuss why the very large value for the speed of the electromagnetic waves would imply that the ether be rigid, i.e., have a large bulk modulus.
Transcribed Image Text:Questions 1. What would the relative velocity of the inertial systems in Figure 1-4 need to be in order for the S' observer to measure no net electromagnetic force on the charge q? 2. Discuss why the very large value for the speed of the electromagnetic waves would imply that the ether be rigid, i.e., have a large bulk modulus.
Speed of Light In about 1860 James Clerk Maxwell summarized the experimental observations of electricity and magnetism in a consistent set of four concise equations. Unlike Newton's laws of motion, Maxwell's equations are not invariant under a Galilean transformation between inertial reference frames (Figure 1-4). Since the Maxwell equations predict the existence of electromagnetic waves whose speed would be a par- ticular value, c = 1/Vµ€, = 3.00 × 10* m/s, the excellent agreement between this number and the measured value of the speed of light³ and between the predicted po- larization properties of electromagnetic waves and those observed for light provided strong confirmation of the assumption that light was an electromagnetic wave and, therefore, traveled at speed c.* That being the case, it was postulated in the nineteenth century that electromagnetic waves, like all other waves, propagated in a suitable material medium. The implication of this postulate was that the medium, called the ether, filled the entire universe, including the interior of matter. (The Greek philosopher Aristotle had first suggested that the universe was permeated with "ether" 2000 years earlier.) In this way the remarkable opportunity arose to establish experimentally the existence of the all-pervasive ether by measuring the speed of light c' relative to Earth as Earth moved relative to the ether at speed v, as would be predicted by Equation 1-3. The value of c was given by the Maxwell equations, and the speed of Earth relative to the ether, while not known, was assumed to be at least equal to its orbital speed around the Sun, about 30 km/s. Since the maximum observable effect is of the order v²/c² and given this assumption v²/c² = 10-8, an experimental accuracy of about 1 part in 10$ is necessary in order to detect Earth's motion relative to the ether. With a single exception, equipment and Classical Concept Review The concepts of classical relativity, frames of reference, and coordinate transformations- ll important background to our discussions of special relativity - may not have been emphasized in many introductory courses. As an yA aid to a better S S' V understanding of the concepts of modern physics, we have included the Classical Concept Review Y1 on the book's Web site. As you proceed through Modern Physics, the icon in the margin will alert you to potentially helpful classical background pertinent to the adjacent Figure 1-4 The observers in S and S' see identical electric fields 2k/y, at a distance y, = y' from an infinitely long wire carrying uniform charge A per unit length. Observers in both S and S' measure a force 2kqr/y, on q due to the line of charge; however, the S' observer measures an additional force –µdv²q/(2™y,) due to the magnetic field at y arising from the motion of the wire in the -x' direction. Thus, the electromagnetic force does not have the same form in different inertial systems, implying that Maxwell's equations are not invariant under a Galilean topics. transformation.
Transcribed Image Text:Speed of Light In about 1860 James Clerk Maxwell summarized the experimental observations of electricity and magnetism in a consistent set of four concise equations. Unlike Newton's laws of motion, Maxwell's equations are not invariant under a Galilean transformation between inertial reference frames (Figure 1-4). Since the Maxwell equations predict the existence of electromagnetic waves whose speed would be a par- ticular value, c = 1/Vµ€, = 3.00 × 10* m/s, the excellent agreement between this number and the measured value of the speed of light³ and between the predicted po- larization properties of electromagnetic waves and those observed for light provided strong confirmation of the assumption that light was an electromagnetic wave and, therefore, traveled at speed c.* That being the case, it was postulated in the nineteenth century that electromagnetic waves, like all other waves, propagated in a suitable material medium. The implication of this postulate was that the medium, called the ether, filled the entire universe, including the interior of matter. (The Greek philosopher Aristotle had first suggested that the universe was permeated with "ether" 2000 years earlier.) In this way the remarkable opportunity arose to establish experimentally the existence of the all-pervasive ether by measuring the speed of light c' relative to Earth as Earth moved relative to the ether at speed v, as would be predicted by Equation 1-3. The value of c was given by the Maxwell equations, and the speed of Earth relative to the ether, while not known, was assumed to be at least equal to its orbital speed around the Sun, about 30 km/s. Since the maximum observable effect is of the order v²/c² and given this assumption v²/c² = 10-8, an experimental accuracy of about 1 part in 10$ is necessary in order to detect Earth's motion relative to the ether. With a single exception, equipment and Classical Concept Review The concepts of classical relativity, frames of reference, and coordinate transformations- ll important background to our discussions of special relativity - may not have been emphasized in many introductory courses. As an yA aid to a better S S' V understanding of the concepts of modern physics, we have included the Classical Concept Review Y1 on the book's Web site. As you proceed through Modern Physics, the icon in the margin will alert you to potentially helpful classical background pertinent to the adjacent Figure 1-4 The observers in S and S' see identical electric fields 2k/y, at a distance y, = y' from an infinitely long wire carrying uniform charge A per unit length. Observers in both S and S' measure a force 2kqr/y, on q due to the line of charge; however, the S' observer measures an additional force –µdv²q/(2™y,) due to the magnetic field at y arising from the motion of the wire in the -x' direction. Thus, the electromagnetic force does not have the same form in different inertial systems, implying that Maxwell's equations are not invariant under a Galilean topics. transformation.
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