of an 80-cm-long open pipe change if you: (a) change the length from 80 cm to 100 cm? (Find the frequency for both lengths.) (b) keep the length at 80 cm but close one end of the pipe? (c) change the diameter of the pipe from 2 cm to 4 cm? (d) increase the air temperature?

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Shock Waves

Shock waves are common in continuum mechanics, and their dominance is attributable to the fact that they are stronger (or even less) compressible. Substantial perturbations propagated as sudden dynamic changes of a compressible medium supersonically. Shock waves are all around us in our daily lives. Lightning, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite impact all produce them in nature. Even the earth, which is protected by its magnetic field, generates a shock wave as in solar wind that travels around 20 Earth radiuses. These shock waves might be either constant, linked to the body, or unsteady, i.e., moving around with time. All of the shocks mentioned above can be damaging, so precautions must be taken to reduce their impact.