Occasionally, a mouse X chromosome is broken into two pieces and each piece becomes attached to a different autosome. A scientist studies this cell, and finds that the genes on only one of the two pieces undergo inactivation. By referring to the mechanism of X- chromosome inactivation, explain the observation made by the scientist.
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- Discuss the types of experimental observations that Mary Lyonbrought together in proposing her hypothesis concerning X-chromosome inactivation. In your own words, explain how these observations were consistent with her hypothesis.Occasionally, a mouse X chromosome is broken into two pieces and each piece becomes attached to a different autosome. In this event, the genes on only one of the two pieces undergo X inactivation. What does this observation indicate about the mechanism of X-chromosome inactivation?Your friend can't understand how it is possible to combine a somatic cell from their pet with an oocyte from a different animal and create a clone of their pet. Won't the animal that develops be the offspring of the two animals rather than a clone of the animal that donated the somatic cell? Explain to your friend why this is not the case.
- Following X-chromosome inactivation, most of the genes on theinactivated X chromosome are silenced. Explain how. Name onegene that is not silenced.Most cells are unable to copy the ends of chromosomes, and therefore chromosomes shorten with each cell division. This limits the number of times a cell can divide. In germ cells and stem cells, however, an enzyme called telomerase lengthens the telomeres and prevents chromosome shortening. Thus, these cells are not limited in the number of times they can divide. All cells have the gene for telomerase, but most somatic cells don’t express it, and they produce no telomerase. Why don’t somatic cells express telomerase and have unlimited division?In the past, the IOC has employed two genetic sex- determination tests. The Barr body test screens for the presence of two X chromosomes. In XX somatic cells, one copy of the X chromosome condenses into a largely inactive structure called a Barr body, which can be seen using a light microscope. In more recent years, a polymerase chain reaction-based screen has been used to amplify the DNA sequence of the SRY gene, which is found only on the Y chromosome. Based on their karyotypes, what would be the outcome of these two tests for each of the four individuals? Drag the labels to indicate the presence or absence of a Barr body and the SRY gene sequence.
- Describe the molecular process of X-chromosome inactivation.This description should include the three phases of inactivationand the role of the Xic. Explain what happens to the X chromosomes during embryogenesis, in adult somatic cells, and duringoogenesis.In humans, dosage compensation is accomplished by: inactivating one X chromosome in female somatic cells inactivating one homolog from each homologous pair of chromosomes in female somatic cells inactivating the Y chromosome in male somatic cells increasing gene expression from the X chromosome in male somatic cellColchicine is a chemical mutagen that inhibits the spindle formation and prevents anaphase, which retains the cell’s single restitution nucleus (doubled chromosome number). Suppose that an onion (2n=16) is subjected to three consecutive rounds of colchicine treatment, what will be the resulting chromosome number of the treated onion?
- The oncogenic protein BETA promotes entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. Phosphorylation of BETA at the amino acid Tyr98 causes BETA to be degraded by the proteasome, thus limiting its abundance. A mutation in the codon encoding Tyr98 changes this residue to Cys, which cannot be phosphorylated. What is the best description of this mutant allele?a) antimorphb) hypermorphc) hypomorphd) amorphe) neomorphYou are investigating two temperature-sensitive mutant cells. In one, you can inactivate shugoshin activity by raising the temperature slightly at the start of meiosis. In the other, you can similarly inactivate separase activity by raising the temperature. How would the two cells be affected by inactivating these proteins?“In an organism that reproduces asexually, there is no difference between a somatic cell mutation and a germ line mutation.” Is this statement true? Explain.