O Sensory (stretch) receptor 2 Sensory (afferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Effector organ (a) Monosynaptic stretch reflex Sensory receptor 2 Sensory (afferent) neuron 3 Interneuron Motor (efferent) neuron 6 Effector organ (b) Polysynaptic withdrawal reflex Figure 12.11 Types of reflex arcs. (a) A monosynaptic reflex arc has two neurons and a single synapse. (b) A polysynaptic reflex arc has more than two neurons (in this case, three) and therefore has at least two synapses. The five components of a reflex arc are indicated by number.

Q: What do you mean by pseudounipolar neurons? Explain briefly.

A: A neuron is an electrically excitable cell. It communicates with other cells via specialized…

Q: Which cells myelinate the axons of central and peripheral nervous system neurons? Why is myelination…

A: Myelination is a process by which the axons of nerve cells are covered by a fatty insulating layer…

Q: 2. You put your hand on a hot stove eye. Please explain the flow of information along ALL neural…

A: Reflex arc is a neural pathway which is involved in the reflex process. This reflex arc contains 5…

Q: Describe the Hering-Breuer reflex and its function.

A: The function of the respiratory tract is to exchange gases. Breathing or ventilation is the process…

Q: Explain why a myelin sheath covering an entire axon (with no nodes of Ranvier) would inhibit…

A: The insulating layer, which forms a covering around the nerves, is called the myelin sheath. The…

Q: Suppose the time from the start of action potentials in the sensory neuron and the end of…

A: The neurons or nerve cells are the constituting as well as working entities of the brain. It has…

Q: List the components of reflex arc in correct sequence?

A: Reflex Arc: When actions are being taken without the input of brain, these are known as a REFLEX.  A…

Q: Describe how monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs differ

A: The reflex arc can be defined as the pathway taken by the neuron in the reflex action.…

Q: Stimuli such as light or sound are not detected directly by neurons. Explain why this is true.

A: Receptors are sensory nerve endings that terminate in periphery as bare unmyelinated endings or in…

Q: Using the neurons below, how can you decrease the connection strength (amplitude of EPSP) onto the…

A: Disclaimer: "Since you have asked multiple questions, according to the guidelines of Bartleby, only…

Q: Which statement regarding neurotransmission through myelinated and unmyelinated neurons is true?…

A: Myelin sheath is modified plasma membrane that wraps around nerve axon and acts as insulator. The…

Q: Which of the following pathways handles motor signals? A) spinothalamic B) pyramidal C) posterior…

A: The nervous system, the governing body of humans, is categorized into the central nervous system…

Q: You are observing in a Physical Therapy clinic and a patient presents with back pain. The images…

A: A ‘reflex arc' is the path that nerve impulses follow to trigger a reaction. Because this process…

Q: Define Hering-Breuer reflex

A: The Hering–Breuer reflex is an inflation reflex. It is an involuntary and unplanned action. The…

Q: Are interneurons important elements of the local level of the motor control hierarchy? Explain how?

A: Interneurons are connector neurons that connect the two regions of the brain. They facilitate the…

Q: Starting with the frontal lobe, trace every neuron in a voluntary somatic motor action such as…

A: This Much of the brain and the  nervous system is the  devoted to the processing of the  sensory…

Q: Define the term stretch reflex and describe how such reflexes are used to anatomically localize SCI

A: Stretch reflex, also known myotatic reflex is defined as the muscle contraction in response to…

Q: Describe the structure and function of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor tracts.

A: The pyramidal as well as extrapyramidal are the parts of the nervous system and are explained in the…

Q: What is a major advantage of saltatory conduction?

A: conduction of impulse occur via the neurons from the cell body to axon and then to dendrites or…

Q: you are at your brothers wedding and as you watch the ceremony you see the best man start to faint.…

A: The reflex pathway is a pathway that provides fast, programmed reactions to stimuli without…

Q: Discuss the Hering-Breuer reflex and its importance

A: The Hering-Breuer reflex is a respiratory reflex mechanism that occurs in response to prolonged…

Q: Which type of neuron does the sensory neuron synapse with in a polysynaptic reflex arc?

A: A reflex arc is a neural pathway that is responsible for an involuntary action called reflex.Reflex…

Q: Compare and contrast Babinski reflex in adults and infants

A: Babinski reflex This reflex provides thesign of a central nervous system disorder which includes the…

Q: Give a short note on the reflex action ?

A: A reflex action is an autonomic and rapid response to a stimulus, which minimizes any damage to the…

Q: How many neurons are in a monosynaptic reflex arc?

A: A reflex motion is an automatic and almost instantaneous reaction in response to a stimulus. When an…

Q: The shape of the cell bodies of upper and lower motor neurons are structurally classified as…

A: Neurons (nerve cells) express electrical excitability, the ability to react to and transform an…

Q: Describe the operation of a gamma motor neuron.

A: Gamma motor neuron can be defined as the type of neuron involved in the process of muscle…

Q: Which relays instructions from the CNS to muscles more quickly, the somatic nervous system or the…

A: The nervous system in humans is an evolutionary and adapted organ system comprised of two primary…

Q: We know that a reflex arc is a circuit, but what are the nerve connections arc called?

A: Answer: Introduction: A reflex arc is a neural and sensory pathway that maintains a reflex.  Reflex…

Q: Compare the following:(a) Central neural system (CNS) and Peripheral neural system (PNS)(b) Resting…

A: The structural and functional units of the neural system are neurons that transmit nerve impulses.…

Q: What are the components of a reflex arc and what is the difference between a somatic motor reflex…

A: The Human Nervous system is a very efficient system of communication between the various parts of…

Q: One of your patients, a young man in his mid-20s called Jeff has suffered from  seizures for as long…

A: Seizures is clinical manifestation of Transient disturbance of cerebral functions. Epilepsy   is a…

Q: Fill in the blank:   The moment following the passage of an action potential during which a…

A: The term action potential refers to rapid, short term change in the “membrane potential” across the…

Q: Is the patellar reflex altered during Jendrassik’s maneuver?  If so, How and why do you think this…

A: Jendrassik's manuever: Jendrassik's maneuver is also known as reinforcement. When the deep reflexes…

Q: Which type of neuron does the sensory neuron synapse with in a monosynaptic reflex arc?

A: In neurophysiology, the term reflex is used to describe the body’s unplanned and sudden action that…

Learning and memory

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent and irreversible adaptive change in behavior. It always results from experience. The ability of an organism to store and recall the effects, sensations, and knowledge gained through learning and experience is called memory.