O A OB Which of the following shows a concerted reaction with a positive AG? سن منها D reaction coordinate A با جایا reaction coordinate B. Oc O none of the possible answers are correct reaction coordinate reaction coordinate
Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
![### Which of the following shows a concerted reaction with a positive ΔG?
This question addresses the concept of reaction coordinate diagrams in the study of chemical kinetics. Reaction coordinate diagrams plot the free energy (ΔG) of a system as a function of the reaction coordinate, which represents the progress of the reaction from reactants to products.
Below are four reaction coordinate diagrams labeled A, B, C, and D. Each diagram displays the change in free energy along the reaction coordinate.
#### Diagrams Explanation:
1. **Diagram A:**
- Two peaks and one intermediate valley.
- Suggests a multi-step reaction with at least one intermediate stage.
2. **Diagram B:**
- Two peaks and one intermediate valley, similar to Diagram A.
- Represents a multi-step reaction with intermediates.
3. **Diagram C:**
- A single peak.
- This indicates a single-step reaction without intermediates, possibly concerted.
4. **Diagram D:**
- A single peak followed by a rise in free energy.
- Indicates a single-step reaction with a positive ΔG.
#### Multiple-Choice Options:
- ⭘ **A**
- ⭘ **B**
- ⭘ **C**
- ⭘ **none of the possible answers are correct**
- ⭘ **D**
The correct option will identify the reaction diagram that represents a concerted reaction with a positive ΔG.
For further practice, consider what a positive ΔG implies about the spontaneity and feasibility of the reaction, and how the shape of the reaction coordinate diagram reflects this.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fc6184893-1e67-4ed8-9784-fdd0cf2ed60a%2Fac1c954a-3c19-4634-a08b-ab3669d0f620%2Fat4ox1r_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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