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Now consider Table 3. In that table, find where it states 0.76**. What does that 0.76 mean, and what does the double asterisk mean? (Phrase your interpretations in the context of the problem at hand. That is, how they relate to the variables under discussion.) We don’t discuss correlation until the last week of the semester, but the basics are pretty straightforward and I think with a solid knowledge of the foundations of hypothesis testing you will be capable of giving a good answer here

Now consider Table 3. In that table, find where it states 0.76**. What does that 0.76 mean, and what does the double asterisk mean? (Phrase your interpretations in the context of the problem at hand. That is, how they relate to the variables under discussion.) We don’t discuss correlation until the last week of the semester, but the basics are pretty straightforward and I think with a solid knowledge of the foundations of hypothesis testing you will be capable of giving a good answer here

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
6th Edition
ISBN:9781119256830
Author:Amos Gilat
Publisher:Amos Gilat
Chapter1: Starting With Matlab
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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Now consider Table 3. In that table, find where it states 0.76**. What does that 0.76 mean, and what does the double asterisk mean? (Phrase your interpretations in the context of the problem at hand. That is, how they relate to the variables under discussion.) We don’t discuss correlation until the last week of the semester, but the basics are pretty straightforward and I think with a solid knowledge of the foundations of hypothesis testing you will be capable of giving a good answer here

TABLE 3 Pearson correlations between nocturnal sleep fragmentation metrics and night-time actigraphic sleep variables KRA Variables KRA Frag TST (h) WASO (min) SE (%) SOL (min) Awakenings 0.43** -0.32* 0.36** -0.32* 0.11 0.53** Frag -0.40** 0.59** -0.84** 0.57** 0.49** TST -0.02 0.36** 0.03 0.22 sleep is fragmented and physiologically sub-optimal during the day. Furthermore, frequent nappers may have a fragmented sleep due to environmental factors (e.g., noise, light, temperature, etc.) resulting in tiredness during the daytime, although this was not indicated by the participant in the comment section on the sleep diary or during the interview. WASO Despite finding a significant association between nap frequency and KRA, we found no significant association between nap frequency and standard measures of night-time sleep quality (WASO, awaken- ings, and SE). However, some previous studies reported significant, negative associations between nap frequency and night-time sleep quality (Goldman et al., 2008; Ye et al., 2015). Similar to our find- ings, McDevitt et al. (2012) found no significant association between nap frequency and actigraphy-assessed night-time sleep quality in 27 university students who were stratified into three nap frequency groups. It is possible that the non-significant association between nap frequency and nocturnal sleep quality in their study and ours may be due to differences in methodology and/or lack of power to detect group differences. Of note, the failure to find differences in nocturnal sleep between our moderate and non-nappers could be explained by the lack of a distinction between planned voluntary or intentional naps and unplanned accidental naps (i.e., dozing off -0.61** 0.21 0.76** SE -0.70** -0.47** SOL 0.26* Note: Awakenings, number of awakenings; Frag, actigraphy fragmentation index; KRA, novel fragmentation metric; SE, sleep efficiency; SOL, sleep onset latency; TST, total sleep time; WASO, wake after sleep onset. N = 62, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 two-tailed. Awakenings involuntarily during the day while watching television or reading) (Ficca et al., 2010). Some studies have reported that nappers tend to under report their napping habits (Yoon et al., 2003), particularly self-reported unplanned nap episodes during the day (Ficca et al., 2010). This underestimates total napping (as it reflects only planned naps) and its consequences on night-time sleep fragmentation and sleep quality. A distinction between planned and unplanned naps may have revealed nuances in the night-time sleep between the moderate and non-nappers. As expected, in our sample, late evening naps in close prox- imity to bedtime were associated with more sleep fragmentation and worse actigraphic sleep quality (SOL, WASO, and awakenings) but with a higher TST than early naps. Ye et al. (2015) reported that young adults taking naps in the evening (6:00-9:00 p.m.) had the poorest night-time sleep quality. Although napping has often been considered detrimental to night-time sleep, early naps are less likely to interfere with night-time sleep (Campbell et al., 2005; Lavie & Weler, 1989). Lavie and Weler (1989) assessed sleep in a small sample of nine young adults and found that early nappers had higher SE, and longer slow-wave sleep duration than late nappers. Similarly, Campbell et al. (2005) demonstrated that a single afternoon 2-h nap opportunity (2:00-4:00 p.m.) increased
Transcribed Image Text:TABLE 3 Pearson correlations between nocturnal sleep fragmentation metrics and night-time actigraphic sleep variables KRA Variables KRA Frag TST (h) WASO (min) SE (%) SOL (min) Awakenings 0.43** -0.32* 0.36** -0.32* 0.11 0.53** Frag -0.40** 0.59** -0.84** 0.57** 0.49** TST -0.02 0.36** 0.03 0.22 sleep is fragmented and physiologically sub-optimal during the day. Furthermore, frequent nappers may have a fragmented sleep due to environmental factors (e.g., noise, light, temperature, etc.) resulting in tiredness during the daytime, although this was not indicated by the participant in the comment section on the sleep diary or during the interview. WASO Despite finding a significant association between nap frequency and KRA, we found no significant association between nap frequency and standard measures of night-time sleep quality (WASO, awaken- ings, and SE). However, some previous studies reported significant, negative associations between nap frequency and night-time sleep quality (Goldman et al., 2008; Ye et al., 2015). Similar to our find- ings, McDevitt et al. (2012) found no significant association between nap frequency and actigraphy-assessed night-time sleep quality in 27 university students who were stratified into three nap frequency groups. It is possible that the non-significant association between nap frequency and nocturnal sleep quality in their study and ours may be due to differences in methodology and/or lack of power to detect group differences. Of note, the failure to find differences in nocturnal sleep between our moderate and non-nappers could be explained by the lack of a distinction between planned voluntary or intentional naps and unplanned accidental naps (i.e., dozing off -0.61** 0.21 0.76** SE -0.70** -0.47** SOL 0.26* Note: Awakenings, number of awakenings; Frag, actigraphy fragmentation index; KRA, novel fragmentation metric; SE, sleep efficiency; SOL, sleep onset latency; TST, total sleep time; WASO, wake after sleep onset. N = 62, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 two-tailed. Awakenings involuntarily during the day while watching television or reading) (Ficca et al., 2010). Some studies have reported that nappers tend to under report their napping habits (Yoon et al., 2003), particularly self-reported unplanned nap episodes during the day (Ficca et al., 2010). This underestimates total napping (as it reflects only planned naps) and its consequences on night-time sleep fragmentation and sleep quality. A distinction between planned and unplanned naps may have revealed nuances in the night-time sleep between the moderate and non-nappers. As expected, in our sample, late evening naps in close prox- imity to bedtime were associated with more sleep fragmentation and worse actigraphic sleep quality (SOL, WASO, and awakenings) but with a higher TST than early naps. Ye et al. (2015) reported that young adults taking naps in the evening (6:00-9:00 p.m.) had the poorest night-time sleep quality. Although napping has often been considered detrimental to night-time sleep, early naps are less likely to interfere with night-time sleep (Campbell et al., 2005; Lavie & Weler, 1989). Lavie and Weler (1989) assessed sleep in a small sample of nine young adults and found that early nappers had higher SE, and longer slow-wave sleep duration than late nappers. Similarly, Campbell et al. (2005) demonstrated that a single afternoon 2-h nap opportunity (2:00-4:00 p.m.) increased
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