**Title: Analyzing Pedigree and Genotypes****Instructions:**Use the pictures of the gels to fill out the pedigree and mark the genotypes of all the family members.**Nature’s Dice***Objective:*Fill in the results (i.e., the number of bands in the gel) on this diagram.---**Pedigree Diagram Explanation:**The diagram is a pedigree chart showing family members and their possible genotypes. The legend indicates females are represented by circles and males by squares. The chart shows several generations, with members numbered from 1 to 24.- Generation 1: Members 1 and 2- Generation 2: Members 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13- Generation 3: Members 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24**Task:**Fill in the chart with the number of bands from the gel results for each family member.**Question:**Which of the family members are homozygous dominant? (Select ALL that apply)Options to select from: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24---**Note:**Students should analyze the gel pictures to determine the number of bands and relate them to the genotypes of the family members on the pedigree.This exercise helps in understanding inheritance patterns and developing skills in analyzing genetic data. This image shows an electrophoresis gel result with twelve lanes numbered 1 to 12. Each lane contains stained bands, which represent separated biomolecules, likely DNA, RNA, or proteins.- **Lane Descriptions:** - **Lane 1:** Contains multiple bands of varying intensity, indicating a mixture of molecules. - **Lanes 2 and 3:** Each show a couple of lighter bands. - **Lanes 4 and 5:** Display several darker bands, suggesting a higher concentration of the biomolecules present. - **Lanes 6, 7, and 8:** Show similar patterns with a few distinct bands, possibly indicating similar samples or conditions. - **Lane 9:** Similar to lanes 4 and 5, it contains prominent bands with higher intensity. - **Lanes 10, 11, and 12:** Each contains distinct bands of varying intensity, with lane 12 having multiple clearer bands.The gel indicates the resolution of components based on size, with the position of the bands correlating to molecular weight. The intensity of the bands suggests differences in the concentration of the molecules present in each lane.

Key terms Term Meaning Pedigree Chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait within a family across generations Genotype The genetic makeup of an organism (ex: TT) Phenotype The physical characteristics of an organism (ex: tall) Dominant allele Allele that is phenotypically expressed over another allele Recessive allele Allele that is only expressed in absence of a dominant allele Autosomal trait Trait that is located on an autosome (non-sex chromosome) Sex-linked trait Trait that is located on one of the two sex chromosomes Homozygous Having two identical alleles for a particular gene Heterozygous Having two different alleles for a particular genePedigrees Pedigrees are used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait throughout a family. Pedigrees show the presence or absence of a trait as it relates to the relationship among parents, offspring, and siblings. Reading a pedigree Common pedigree symbols and identifiers Common pedigree symbols. Pedigrees represent family members and relationships using standardized symbols. By analyzing a pedigree, we can determine genotypes, identify phenotypes, and predict how a trait will be passed on in the future. The information from a pedigree makes it possible to determine how certain alleles are inherited: whether they are dominant, recessive, autosomal, or sex-linked. To start reading a pedigree: Determine whether the trait is dominant or recessive. If the trait is dominant, one of the parents must have the trait. Dominant traits will not skip a generation. If the trait is recessive, neither parent is required to have the trait since they can be heterozygous. Determine if the chart shows an autosomal or sex-linked (usually X-linked) trait. For example, in X-linked recessive traits, males are much more commonly affected than females. In autosomal traits, both males and females are equally likely to be affected (usually in equal proportions).Example: Autosomal dominant trait Pedigree showing the inheritance of freckles across three generations. The diagram shows the inheritance of freckles in a family. The allele for freckles (F) is dominant to the allele for no freckles (f). At the top of the pedigree is a grandmother (individual I-2) who has freckles. Two of her three children have the trait (individuals II-3 and II-5) and three of her grandchildren have the trait (individuals III-3, III-4, and III-5). Example: X-linked recessive trait Pedigree showing the inheritance of colorblindness across four generations. The diagram shows the inheritance of colorblindness in a family. Colorblindness is a recessive and X-linked trait (\text{X}^{b})(Xb)left parenthesis, start text, X, end text, start superscript, b, end superscript, right parenthesis. The allele for normal vision is dominant and is represented by \text{X}^{B}XBstart text, X, end text, start superscript, B, end superscript. In generation I, neither parent has the trait, but one of their children (II-3) is colorblind. Because there are unaffected parents that have affected offspring, it can be assumed that the trait is recessive. In addition, the trait appears to affect males more than females (in this case, exclusively males are affected), suggesting that the trait may be X-linked.Common mistakes and misconceptions The presence of many affected individuals in a family does not always mean that the trait is dominant. The terms dominant and recessive refer to the way that a trait is expressed, not by how often it shows up in a family. In fact, although it is uncommon, a trait may be recessive but still show up in all generations of a pedigree. You may not always be able to determine the genotype of an individual based on a pedigree. Sometimes an individual can either be homozygous dominant or heterozygous for a trait. Often, we can use the relationships between an individual and their parents, siblings, and offspring to determine genotypes. However, not all carriers are always explicitly indicated in a pedigree, and it may not be possible to determine based on the information provided.